Sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) generally possess an intricate jaw apparatus that incorporates five teeth. Although echinoid teeth consist of calcite, their complex internal design results in biomechanical properties far superior to those of inorganic forms of the constituent material. While the individual elements (or microstructure) of echinoid teeth provide general insight into proce...

We explore the correlational patterns of diet and phylogeny on the shape of the premaxilla and anterior tooth in sparid fishes (Perciformes: Sparidae) from the western Mediterranean Sea. The premaxilla is less variable, and in spite of the presence of species-specific features, a common structural pattern is easily recognizable in all species (i.e. the ascending and the articular processes are ...

in this article the general non-symmetric parametric form of the incremental secant stiffness matrix for nonlinear analysis of solids have been investigated to present a semi analytical sensitivity analysis approach for geometric nonlinear shape optimization. to approach this aim the analytical formulas of secant stiffness matrix are presented. the models were validated and used to perform inve...

Tetracycline exposure in utero and in early childhood often results in intrinsic tooth staining that varies in severity based upon timing, duration, and form of tetracycline administered. Traditionally, dental aesthetics compromised by tetracycline staining have been restored with modalities requiring aggressive tooth preparation. In this case involving a patient with extremely severe staining ...

this article is devoted to the simultaneous optimization of shape and topology of shell structures. the optimum shape is obtained together with the optimum layout for the reinforcement layers at the both sides of the shell surface. to solve this problem the finite element method is employed. it is assumed that each element is comprised of a porous media with microscopic rectangular voids where ...

The aim of this paper is to adapt the Viability Theorem from differential inclusions (governing the evolution of vectors in a finite dimensional space) to so-called morphological inclusions (governing the evolution of nonempty compact subsets of the Euclidean space). In this morphological framework, the evolution of compact subsets of RN is described by means of flows along bounded Lipschitz ve...

Accurate quantification of variation in tooth shape is important in studies of dental development, which typically have involved measuring distances between subjectively identified landmarks, key points of correspondence on teeth. An established statistical framework now exists for the analysis of shape when objects are represented as configurations of landmark coordinates; allowing work with t...