structural  problems  arc  the  main  trade-barriers  which  bring  about  inefficiencies in  internal trade  in  iran. the  structure of the institutions in the  successful countries are studied (descriptive, explanatory and multiple case studies) which shows success depends  on designs  aimed  at efficiency.  flexibility and using small  or  medium  edi technology. regarding the circumstances...

A nascent literature explores the impact of taste differences on trade. In gravity model estimations, coefficient geographic distance is large because it tends to capture such (usually unobservable) preference-related frictions. We examine this question in context French wine, that is, a cultural good characterized by great variety types (i.e. accommodating heterogeneity wine tastes) and qualit...

The economic performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the past two decades has been disappointing. The initial explanation for this poor performance focussed on deficient macroeconomic policies. However a number of SSA countries have undertaken and sustained a reasonable measure of macroeconomic reform and still see no significant expansion in the growth of manufactured exports. This sugges...

Red-tape barriers (RTBs) are an important source of trade costs, but have received little scholarly attention. Here we take a first step toward a theory of RTBs, and show that their implications are very different from those of more traditional trade barriers. Our model highlights that RTBs have important impacts on the extensive margin of trade, and yields rich predictions on how changes in th...

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from using tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated). Second, there is a narrowing of th...

This paper assesses the determinants of trade in services using a gravity model, with particular attention given to the role of barriers to services trade. Initially, the application of the gravity equation to services trade is examined. A variety of econometric estimators are tested and the Hausman-Taylor model is found to be the best estimator. The gravity model fits services trade flows in a...