in this paper the trade restrictiveness of agricultural policies in iran was measured by the triindex for the nine major agricultural products including wheat, rice, barely, maize, soybean,meat (beef meat), soybean oil, sugar and banana over the period 1981 to 2007. the main resultsindicate that there is no trend in above index and high volatility especially in 2006 and 2007years due to conside...

Considering the value of semiconductor IP (Intellectual Property), fundamental knowledge of legal protection for IP is essential requirement for both IP providers and IP users. Since IPs are recognized as one of the intangible assets, present intellectual property system, such as patent, copyright, trade secret, and mask work protection system should provide certain legal protection by their ow...

The number, type and location of the protective devices on a distribution feeder have a direct effect on the system reliability. In earlier work, a technique was developed to design a protective system in order to minimize the SAIFI index. This paper extends earlier results by using a goal programming approach to achieve compromises among various engineering objectives. The design goals are: a)...

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential transition metal which is introduced into the biosphere by various anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollution with Cd poses a major health risk and Cd toxicity has been extensively researched over the past decades. This review aims at changing the perspective by discussing protection mechanisms available to counteract a Cd insult. Antioxidants, induction o...

The empirical relationship between trade protection and economic growth is surprisingly fragile, as shown in a number of other papers. After demonstrating this empirical sensitivity, we address one possible explanation for these findings: that the relationship is nonlinear. Following the endogenous growth literature, we test for the possibility that the relationship between trade barriers and g...