The mammalian fetus is unique in its dependence during gestation on the supply of maternal nutrients through the placenta. Maternal supply and fetal demand for nutrients need to be fine tuned for healthy growth and development of the fetus along its genetic trajectory. An altered balance between supply and demand can lead to deviations from this trajectory with long-term consequences for health...

The dial-services are an excellent connection between classical forms of collective and private transport; they are the answer to the development of transport demand from homogeneous travels (homeloffice, homelfactory, home/school in limited areas and periods) to not homogeneous travels (short continuous travels toward many different destinations); they are also the answer to the growing need o...

In this paper, the impact of endogenous information provision to drivers in road transport is investigated. A static economic equilibrium model is used, which allows potential road users to buy information on the prevailing (stochastic) traffic situation. It takes for granted that an indiviual will try to acquire proper information when the private benefits of doing so exceed the private costs....

Abstract In this article, we consider transport networks with uncertain demands. Network dynamics are given by linear hyperbolic partial differential equations and suitable coupling conditions, while demands incorporated as solutions to stochastic equations. For the demand satisfaction, solve a constrained optimal control problem. Controls in terms of network inputs then calculated explicitly f...

For the case of public transport, we consider problem demand estimation. Given an origin-destination matrix representing transport demand, distribution flow among different lines can be obtained assuming that it corresponds to a certain equilibrium characterized by optimization problem. In particular will focus on assignment model proposed Cepeda et al. (2006). However knowledge is expensive an...

In developed countries, Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) (loosely termed ‘paratransit’ in US parlance) emerged in the 1970s to serve the specialist niche market of people with mobility difficulties. DRT systems are starting become a mainstream public transport mode and this paper examines mainstream public transport DRT schemes from around the world that have failed, in order to identify the r...

In transportation planning there can be long lead times to adapt capacity. This paper addresses two questions. First, in a one mode world (say rail or road), what is the optimal capacity choice when faced with uncertain demand, long lead times and congestion. Using a simple analytical model it is shown that when demand is inelastic, it is socially optimal to invest more than if only the expecte...