C. Akemann and G.K. Pedersen [Duke Math. J. 40 (1973), 785– 795.] defined three concepts of semicontinuity for self-adjoint elements of A∗∗, the enveloping von Neumann algebra of a C∗-algebra A. We give the basic properties of the analogous concepts for elements of pA∗∗p, where p is a closed projection in A∗∗. In other words, in place of affine functionals on Q, the quasi–state space of A, we c...

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از دیدگاه خواجه نصیر، معنای لغوی «ایمان»، تصدیق و باور داشتن است؛ و در اصطلاح، «تصدیق قلبی و زبانی» است به طوری که اوّلی بدون دومی و دومی بدون اوّلی کافی نیست. به نظر خواجه نصیر، ایمان ظنّی و تقلیدی در سلسله مراتب ایمان قرار دارند و هر دو، جزء مراتب پایین ایمان می باشند اما ایمان یقینی، بالاترین مرتبة ایمان است. ایشان معتقد است اسلام و ایمان، از جهتی مغایر و از جهتی مشابه و عین یکدیگر هستند. لذا ب...

classification of the sciences has always been an essential part of the islamic scientific thought. this was due to the significant role of science in the islamic culture and as well as the development of various scientific traditions in this civilization.philosophy of science, today, discusses the classification of sciences in which methods, subject matters, and goals of the science are studie...

since the third and fourth centuries ah, “the theory of moderation” which has greek origination and is based on aristotle's ideas in ethics, gradually entered islamic ethical literature and many scholars, such as ibnmiskawayhand khawajehnasir al-din tusi, found their ethical works on this idea. according to this theory, the virtue is complying with “the mean” in every action and avoiding t...