Equality of residual variances across groups is one of the necessary conditions of measurement invariance. The main argument for not applying this restriction in the analysis of empirical data is that unequal residual variances across groups are differences in reliability of the observed variables rather than a violation of measurement invariance. A power study is carried out to investigate the...

The concepts of Bayesian analysis are introduced by discussing a 2 × confusion matrix with unequal sample sizes for each class.