Many writers have observed that default logics appear to contain the "lottery para­ dox" of probability theory. This arises when a default "proof by contradiction" lets us conclude that a typical X is not a Y where Y is an unusual subclass of X. We show that there is a similar problem with default "proof by cases" and construct a setting where we might draw a differ­ ent conclusion knowing a di...

[1] The linear correlation between modern sediment yields and mean drainage-basin elevation suggests that mountainbelt topography is denuded exponentially with a time scale of approximately 50 Myr following the cessation of active uplift. Some Paleozoic orogens, however, still exist as highelevation terrain. Here I explore this paradox within the broader question of what variables control the d...

The paper examines the impact of pricing carbon emissions in the Russian electricity supply industry. We …nd that emissions are reduced at any level of the carbon price. Most active fuel switching takes place at the carbon tax of 200...500 Roubles per tonne of CO2; but the e¤ect is uneven by zones. The social surplus turns out to be positive. A special case of a new interconnector "Ural Siberia...

Results of radioecological investigations of rodents having different ecological specialization – wood and field mice, northern red-backed voles and mole-voles to acute (laboratory experiment) and chronic (long-term inhabiting the East Ural Radioactive Trace – EURT) irradiation are summarized. These species are greatly distinguished by a way of life, a migratory activity, an average life span e...

In this paper we present the results of Korean to Japanese translation in especial from the machine translation system between Korean and Japanese language which have linguistic properties and similarities strongly in Syntax or Phraseology as the Ural-Altaic languages. For its implementation, we have developed syntax based machine translation system KANT designed to be capable of multi-lingual ...

Starting with a likelihood or preference or­ der on worlds, we extend it to a likeli­ hood ordering on sets of worlds in a nat­ ural way, and examine the resulting logic. Lewis [1973] earlier considered such a no­ tion of relative likelihood in the context of studying counterfactuals, but he assumed a total preference order on worlds. Compli­ cations arise when examining partial orders that are...

We propose Abductive Concept Formation Grammars, a CHRmethodology for treating long distance dependencies by abducing themissing elements while relating the constituents that must be related.We discuss our ideas both from a classical analysis point of view, andfrom a property-grammar based perspective. We exemplify them throughrelative clauses first, and next through the mor...