No part of this work may be reproduced by print, photocopy or any other means without the permission in writing from the publisher. All pictures in this thesis have been reproduced with permission of the respective copyright holders. Summary The gas distribution network in the Netherlands has a length of roughly 100 000 km in urban areas. This network needs to be monitored constantly and segmen...

in the urban history of iran, “mashroote” era (the constitutional revolution) is considered as a turning point. in this period, the government had an organized and purposeful interference in the urban development of the country. another organized interference of the government, happened in 1960s. the effects of these movements were very significant in the growth of urban patterns and in the urb...

urban facilities are necessary components of cities. in all grown and developed cities of the world there are tremendous network of facilities such as water and electric ties, water sewage drainage, water piping and gas piping. that has not been installed in proper depth underground and locations and with growing of the cities and consumption of population. they need to be replaced by excavatin...

Ambient concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in a industrial, a traffic and a background site in the urban agglomeration of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. Atmospheric (gas+particle) concentrations of ∑12PBDE at industrial site were higher than those observed at urban-traffic and urban-background sites. In industrial site, mean ...

International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions require verification to ensure that they are effective and fair. Verification based on direct observation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will be necessary to demonstrate that estimated emission reductions have been actualized in the atmosphere. Here we assess the capability of ground-based observations and a high-resolutio...

The truthfulness and understandability of information is dependent upon the way it is presented. It is admitted now that almost 85% of the data in human brain is related to geography and we continuously keep upgrading urban information in our brain consciously or unconsciously. This information, if updated frequently, affects most of the decisions made in our life. Maps are considered an easy a...

life style and life expectancy of inhabitants have been affected by the increase of particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter (pm10) in cities and this is why maximum pm10 concentrations have received extensive attention. an early notice system for pm10 concentrations necessitates an accurate forecasting of the pollutant. in the current study an artificial neural network was used t...