Gasoline direct injection provides reduced engine emissions, increased power, and increased fuel economy as compared to port fuel injection (PFI). Reduced emissions are largely due to starting the engine using high fuel pressure (up to 150 bar) and injecting into the compression stroke. During a cold start, fuel pressure must be increased from lift pump pressure (typically 4 to 6 bar) to desire...

The surface heat transfer efficiency of three heating media (water, and forced air with and without a water vapor-pressure deficit) was compared using four commodities: mango, papaya, grapefruit, and orange. Forced vapor-saturated-air (VFA), and water (HW) transferred heat most efficiently to the fruit surface. Thermal stress to the fruit was greatest during heating in VFA. Thermal diffusivity ...

This paper presents a two-dimensional analytical model for low-temperature cylindrical heat pipes. A closed-form solution which incorporates liquid±vapor interfacial hydrodynamic coupling and non-Darcian transport through the porous wick for the ®rst time, is obtained for predicting the vapor and liquid velocity and pressure distributions. In addition, the steady-state vapor and wall temperatur...