Geographic Proximity, Trade and International Conflict/Cooperation This paper examines the interactive effect of distance and trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect of geographic distance depends on trade, while the effect of trade varies with geographic distance. Trade reduces conflict to a greater extent when dyads are geographically close, but has a greater effect on coo...

Despite enormous efforts in quantification, our understanding of many of the Earth’s systems remains non-axiomatic; the systems are ‘open’ and consequently it is not possible to deduce all outcomes from known laws. Science must therefore adopt a manner that encourages the creation or uncovering of new knowledge (Baker, 1999; Takatsuka & Gahegan, 2001). For this reason aloneand completely uncou...

There are many problems in conceptual modeling process, such as sharing difficulty in modeling conception, complexity of modeling method, difficulty in cooperative modeling by experts from different domains, and so on. To solve those problems, by establishing expression rules of metadata and semantics of geographical models, introductive geographical modeling approaches is put forward here to r...

Recent days have witnessed an explosive growth in generating data in geographic domain which leads to increasing the applications of geographical information system (GIS). Due to this increasing of GIS, GIS faced the problem of effective management of the spatial information from different resources and in different forms. So, Geographical ontologies have been introduced to the geographical dom...

The research enterprise increasingly involves multidisciplinary collaboration, sometimes over geographic distance. Technological advances have made these collaborations possible, and the history of past innovations suggests these collaborations are desirable. Yet multidisciplinary projects can carry high coordination costs. This study investigated how collaborations address disciplinary differe...

Citizenship in the United States: The Roles of Immigrant Characteristics and Country of Origin This study develops and estimates a model of the naturalization process in the US. The model is based on both the characteristics of immigrants and features of their countries of origin. The empirical analysis is based on the 2000 US Census. Both the characteristics of immigrants and the origin-countr...

The desire to know how many living beings there are on the planet has been a permanent obsession of biologists. Many inventories have been done, especially with large animals and plants, since naturalists began modern taxonomy in the 18th century. But there is the feeling that we are missing a large part of the diversity of microorganisms. How large this ignorance is, however, is a matter of de...