A major challenge for the 21 st century will be the efficient use of all resources to minimize wastage. Lack of fresh water is becoming one of the largest and most universal of the resource problems that we face in the new century. This leads us to consider the options for turning wastewaters into useful resources, with recovery of the water for reuse. Therefore, wastewater has become an essent...

The international society focuses on the environment protection and natural energy sources control for the global cooperation against weather change and sustainable growth. The study presents the overview of the water shortage status and the necessity of wastewater reuse facility in military facilities and for the possibility of the introduction, compares the economics by means of cost-benefit ...

-Water resources are being, over decades, intensively over explored and polluted, and it is estimated that in a few years, it is reached highly values of water stress in Europe. Portugal is already in the ranking of countries with medium water stress (10-20%). To avoid the deterioration of this situation it is imperative to consider different approaches of water management, such as water reuse ...

Wastewater reclamation is an upcoming approach that will significantly affect wastewater treatment systems. Despite the fact that technology for treating wastewater to an effluent water quality that meets various quality standards for reuse is already available and applied, the reuse of water is not just a simple and straightforward road. Significant additional energy and civil infrastructure i...

Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on water resources. However, wastewater reuse implementation faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance, technical, economic and hygienic risks and further uncertainties caused by a lack of awareness, accepted standards, uniform guidelines and legislation. So far, there are no supranational regulations on wa...

water scarcity in iran has worsened as a result of population growth, increasing pollution, poor water management practices, and climate change. using proper utilization and management of wastewater can provide the ability to cope with pollution threats and take the opportunity to benefit from the new sources of water. in this study, the impact of water scarcity on the production and macroecono...

Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, Cryptospor...

In today’s world renewable energy is highly demanding because of increasing oil and fuelprices, desire and necessity to avert irreversible climate damage and also the unreliability of the non -renewablesources. In renewable energy, water is an important source. Previously water is used only for survivalof human being as much as food but no attentionhas been givenen to economical use and conserv...