Energy use in water supply systems represents a significant portion of the global energy consumption. The electricity consumption due to the water pumping represents the highest proportion of the energy costs in these systems. This paper presents several comparative studies of energy efficiency in water distribution systems considering distinct configurations of the networks and also considers ...

Economically optimal operational changes and adaptations for California’s water supply system are examined for a dry form of climate warming (GFDL CM2.1 A2) with year 2050 water demands and land use. Economically adaptive water management for this climate scenario is compared to a similar scenario with the historical climate. The effects of population growth and land use alone are developed for...

neurotoxicants present in water supply may affect human functions in terms of attention, response speed and perceptual motor speed. neurobehavioural performance can be influenced by gender, age and education levels. this study aims to assess the neurobehavioral performance of palm oil estate residents with private water supply in southern peninsular of malaysia.a total of 287 and 246 participan...

The shadow return on capital in 75 small municipal water systems is estimated using a gamma frontier variable cost function. The estimated Social Cost of capital exceeds the shadow return by an average ratio of 4.37:1, with a median capital stock inefficiency of $70, 500 per year per system owing to overinvestment in public water supply capital. In addition, actual production costs exceed minim...

today, due to the direct and reverse logistics plays an important role in reducing the costs in supply chain. in this paper, in order to provide a closed-loop supply chain network including supply centers, production, distribution, collection, recycling and disposal of a used linear mixed integer programming. this paper to consider multi-period and multi-product in multi-level supply chain and ...

The operating costs (in particular pumping costs) of the various water resource systems in South Africa amounts to hundreds of millions of Rands per year and much effort is invested by water resource planners to implement cost saving operating rules that do not jeopardize the long term assurance of supply. The current method of optimisation is through the application of scenario analysis as par...