conclusions as we can see the ann outputs values are very close to actual cu concentration, so indicating that predicted values are accurate and the network design is proper and the input variables well suitable for the prediction of cu concentration. background access to safe drinking water is one of the basic human rights and essential for healthy life. concerns about the effects of copper on...

There are different methods for the hydraulic analysis of water supply networks. In the solution process of most of these methods, a large system of linear equations is solved in each iteration. This usually requires a high computational effort. Hardy Cross method is one of the approaches that do not need such a process and may converge to the solution through scalar divisions. However, this me...

Contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic has recently become a disturbing environmental problem in Viterbo area, Central Italy. Arsenic concentrations in most of the public supply networks exceed the maximum allowable limit of 10 μg/l (WHO) for drinking water. The primary purpose of this paper is to obtain a better understanding of the factors contributing to the high levels ...

This paper explores a variety of strategies for understanding the formation, structure, efficiency, and vulnerability of water distribution networks. Water supply systems are studied as spatially organized networks for which the practical applications of abstract evaluation methods are critically evaluated. Empirical data from benchmark networks are used to study the interplay between network s...

Corn production, and its associated inputs, is a relatively large source of greenhouse gas emissions and uses significant amounts of water and land, thus contributing to climate change, fossil fuel depletion, local air pollutants, and local water scarcity. As large consumers of this corn, corporations in the ethanol and animal protein industries are increasingly assessing and reporting sustaina...