The temperature of vapour-condenser below 0°C and the final pressure in the vacuum chamber below 0.61kPa during vacuum cooling were experimentally analysed in this paper. The temperature of vapour-condenser, -2 °C, -35°C, -39°C and -71°C, and the final pressure in the vacuum chamber, 0.3kPa, 0.4kPa, 0.5kPa and 0.61kPa, were chosen. The experimental results showed that the cooling rate varies wi...

We present new experimental data of the low-temperature metastable region of liquid water derived from high-density synthetic fluid inclusions (996-916 kg m-3) in quartz. Microthermometric measurements include: (i) prograde (upon heating) and retrograde (upon cooling) liquid-vapour homogenisation. We used single ultrashort laser pulses to stimulate vapour bubble nucleation in initially monophas...

In this study, we evaluate the ability of the BRAMS (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) mesoscale model compared to ECMWF global analysis to simulate the observed vertical variations of water vapour in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The observations are balloon-borne measurements of water vapour mixing ratio and temperature from microSDLA (Tunable Dio...

The purpose of this paper is to show the effects of level of substitution with a linear chain anhydride (propionic anhydride) on decay resistance and on water vapour sorption of modified Scots pine sapwood. The work described herein has demonstrated that chemically modified Scots pine sapwood with propionic anhydride afforded substantial bioprotection against Coniophora puteana. It required a w...

x-ray photoelectron and electron energy loss spectroscopic (xps-eels) studies reveal that the following species are present when a mixture of co2 and water vapour is exposed to the clean mg(100) surface at 110k: co3(a), c(a) ch(a), oh(a). the reactive chemisorptions of co2 and h2o vapour coadsorbed on a mg surface leads to the formation of ch bond. increasing the temperature to 400 k shows the ...

An improved version of RTIASI, the ECMWF fast radiative transfer model for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, has been developed. In the new version of RTIASI (RTIASI-4) the accuracy of the fast transmittance model has been improved by including 4 more molecules (HNO3, CCl4, CF4 and OCS) in the line-by-line computations and by using the year 2000 release of the HITRAN molecular d...

Widespread flooding occurred across northwest Europe during the winter of 2013/14, resulting in large socioeconomic damages. In the historical record, extreme hydrological events have been connected with intense water vapour transport. Here we show that water vapour transport has higher medium-range predictability compared with precipitation in the winter 2013/14 forecasts from the European Cen...

the aim of this study is to find the optimal water pressure and percentage of supply vapour in the feed water heaters (fwhs) of steam power plants, such that they maximize the thermal efficiency of the rankine cycle within pre-specified values of minimum and maximum pressures of the thermodynamic cycle. thermal efficiency is defined as a function of unknown variables (fluid pressure and vapour ...

Referee: This article describes an updated retrieval method to obtain water vapour columns in polar regions from the MHS and AMSU-B instruments. The improvements to current methods are described and the new method tested against synthetic and real data. The new method involves using a-priori information and iterating a radiative transfer model to optimise the optical depth profile by scaling th...

Water vapour plays in important role in the energy budget of the atmosphere. Despite many years of study there are still considerable uncertainties both in the measurement of water vapour and it’s representation in radiation models. In an attempt to reduce these uncertainties two field experiments in differing atmospheres were conducted in 1999. The results from a tropical atmosphere and a sub-...