ricin, the toxic lectin extracted from the castor bean plant (ricinus communis), consists of an a chain (rta) and a b chain (rtb). anti-a chain abs and anti-b chain abs can neutralize toxins in vivo and in vitro via blocking the binding of the toxin to the cell. also, rtb protein is able to serve as an antigen deliver to the mucosal immune system and act as an immunoadjuant. here, the genomic d...

Objective(s): The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated, in which inflammatory reactions play a vital role. Microglia cells activation, an essential process of neuroinflammation, can produce neurotoxic molecules and neurotrophic factors, which aggravate inflammation and neuronal injury. Monascin, a major component of red yeast rice, is an azaphil...

cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) is one of widely-spread viruses of plants with the broadest host range encompassing over 1200 species. one major limiting factor for detection of the virus is unavailability of the virus-specific antibodies especially in developing countries. recombinant dna technology facilitates antibody preparation without requiring special equipment. in this study, coat protein (...

In this study, Mesobuthus gibbosus and Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus venom samples were compared for lethality, in vivo effects and proteins. Neutralization capacity of monovalent Androctonus crassicauda antivenom (RSHA anti-Ac) was tested against the lethal effects of the venoms.Venom was obtained from mature scorpions by electrical stimulation of the telson. The lethality of the venom and potency ...

background: infectious agents have been suspected as a triggering factor for development of autoimmune thyroid disease (atd). some reports from western countries have suggested association between helicobacter pylori (hp) infection and atd. objective: to investigate the association of atd with cag a seropositivity in a population with high rate and early age of onset of hp infection. methods: i...

objective(s): as t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (tim-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-tim-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. materials and meth...

In this study, Mesobuthus gibbosus and Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus venom samples were compared for lethality, in vivo effects and proteins. Neutralization capacity of monovalent Androctonus crassicauda antivenom (RSHA anti-Ac) was tested against the lethal effects of the venoms.Venom was obtained from mature scorpions by electrical stimulation of the telson. The lethality of the venom and potency ...