Abstract Ever since the publication of Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, there’s been a raging debate in philosophy language over whether meaning thought are, some sense, normative. Most participants normativity wars seem to agree that uses meaningful expressions are semantically correct while disagreeing this entails anything But what is it say use an expression correct? On ...

The classical problem of the dining philosphers is solved and implemented with Java threads, without central coordination. Apart from the initialization the program is symmetric. The philosophers are the synchronized objects whereas the forks between the philosophers are unsynchronized. It is proved that every hungry philosopher eats within bounded delay, in a certain formalized sense.

Many writers have held that in his later work, David Lewis adopted a theory of predicate meaning such that the meaning of a predicate is the most natural property that is (mostly) consistent with the way the predicate is used. That orthodox interpretation is shared by both supporters and critics of Lewis's theory of meaning , but it has recently been strongly criticised by Wolfgang Schwarz. In ...

Whereas orthodox game theory relies on the unrealistic assumption of (commonly known) perfect rationality, the participants in game-playing experiments are, at best, rational only within limits. This makes it necessary to supplement orthodox game theory with a behavioral theory of game playing. This contribution first points out that this applies also to (one person-) decision theory. After rev...

BACKGROUND The modest clothing that Orthodox Jewish women wear exposes very little of their skin to sunlight. Under these conditions they may develop vitamin D deficiency, even in sunny Israel. OBJECTIVES To determine and compare the vitamin D nutritional status in Jewish orthodox mothers to that of non-orthodox mothers who live in the same metropolitan area in Israel. METHODS 25-Hydroxyvit...