after around a hundred years of being without any record of occurrence of paracobitis rhadinaea, a species of nemacheiline loach, in sistan basin, southeast of iran, the year 2012 was the turning point of wild life in this area. twenty-five specimens were caught from chahnimeh reservoir, a water body adjacent to the hamoun wetland in sistan basin. morphometric and meristic characteristics were ...

nationalism fi rst, including Republican candidate for the US presidency, Donald Trump, and the leader of the French Front National (FN), Marine Le Pen. Like the Leave campaign in the UK, both are offering simplistic pseudosolutions to the complex problems of today’s world, thus offering comfort to voters who may feel left behind by the rapid changes of modern times. If Trump were to be elected...

Leishmania infantum, an etiologic agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is spreading in Iran. Dogs are the main reservoirs but L.infantum has been detected in jackals, foxes and wild rodents too. Despite high number of rodents in the world, the exact role of them in epidemiology of VL is not clear. In recent years the number of sporadic cases of dogs and humans VL has been increased in...