The concept of using middleware-based architectures for telecommunication services in the broadband, multimedia, and information era is increasingly gaining acceptance. One representative example is the Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture (TINA), which is characterised by a variety of services, a multitude of service providers, a well-defined business model, a middleware plat...

jezyah had been part of the tax system imposed on religious minorities. from the very first days of its introduction to islam, it was addressed to as demeaning and humiliating towards religious minorities. the abolition of many laws concerning religious minorities was the result of some developments in iran, especially in foreign relationships during the qajar era. jezyah is a prominent example...

www.usaid.gov INTRODUCTION The Logical Framework, or LogFrame, is one of the principal tools used by the international development community to help design projects to achieve measurable results. It was pioneered for USAID in the 1970s and has since been widely adopted by multilateral and bilateral agencies, NGOs, governments and implementers. The LogFrame is useful to both managers and evaluat...

Tim Lewis, The Open University Thierry Chanier, Université Blaise Pascal Bonnie Youngs, Carnegie Mellon University This special issue of Language Learning & Technology gathers five studies that deal with a recent development in CALL: multilateral online exchanges for learning language and culture. Multilateral exchanges reflect the changing reality of language learning in a globalized world whe...

www.usaid.gov INTRODUCTION The Logical Framework, or LogFrame, is one of the principal tools used by the international development community to help design projects to achieve measurable results. It was pioneered for USAID in the 1970s and has since been widely adopted by multilateral and bilateral agencies, NGOs, governments and implementers. The LogFrame is useful to both managers and evaluat...

We compare the well-known first-price auction with a common but previously unexamined exchange process that we term “multilateral negotiations.” In multilateral negotiations, a buyer solicits price offers for a homogeneous product from sellers with heterogeneous costs, and then plays the sellers off one another to obtain additional price concessions. Using experimental methods, we find that tra...

The well-known question whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system (MTS) are “strangers, friends, or foes” (Bhagwati and Panagariya, 1996) has gained new importance with the widespread proliferation of RTAs in recent years. Based on an extensive data set which covers most of world trade over the past 60 years and about 240 regional trade agreements, we analyze ...