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Correspondence Table 1. Baseline cohort characteristics at study entry, categorized by detectable syncytia (SI) vs. no detectable SI (NSI), as determined by MT2 cell–based tropism assay. NOTE. Data are median (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated. a P values are 2-sided and were determined by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for nonparametric continuous variables and by Fisher's exact tes...
Activation of CXC-motif-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling by the chemokine CXCL12 (also known as SDF-1α) plays a key role in many physiological processes including organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and immune responses. Consequently, CXCR4 or CXCL12 knockouts in mice are embryonic lethal because of impaired hematopoiesis, defects in organ development, and vascularization. Deregulation of CXCR4...
BACKGROUND CCR5 coreceptor using HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) has been reported to dominate the Ethiopian epidemic. However, almost all data have been obtained from two large cities in the central and north-west regions and recent data is lacking. METHODS Plasma were obtained from 420 treatment-naïve patients recruited 2009-2011 to a large country-wide Ethiopian cohort. The V3 region was sequence...
BACKGROUND HIV-1 co-receptor usage may play a critical role in AIDS pathogenesis. Information on viral tropism in HIV-1 seroconverters is scarce, as is the relationship with transmission of drug-resistant viruses. METHODS All consecutive HIV-1 seroconverters seen between January 1997 and December 2005 in 17 Spanish hospitals were retrospectively analysed. V3 loop amino acid sequences derived ...
Women can become infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) after the heterosexual transmission of virus from an infected male partner. To understand the events that result in transmission of HIV-1 across the female reproductive tract, we characterized the life-cycle events of HIV-1 in primary cultures of human uterine epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Epithelial cells an...
CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling controls multiple physiological processes and its dysregulation is associated with cancers and inflammatory diseases. To discover as-yet-unknown endogenous ligands of CXCR4, we screened a blood-derived peptide library for inhibitors of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 strains. This approach identified a 16 amino acid fragment of serum albumin as an effective and highly specific CXCR4 a...
A cycle of length 9 of vertices (x1, x2, . . . , x9), in the cyclical order, with the three edges {x1, x4}, {x4, x7}, {x1, x7} is called an NQ-graph or also a nonagon quadruple graph. A nonagon quadruple system, briefly NQS, of order v and index λ is an NQ-decomposition of the complete multigraph λKv. An NQS is said to be perfect if the inside K3, generated by the vertices x1, x4, x7, forms a S...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor usage and tropism can be modulated by the V3 loop sequence of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. For coreceptors, R5 viruses use CCR5, X4 viruses use CXCR4, and dual-tropic (R5X4) viruses use either CCR5 or CXCR4. To understand the requirements for dual tropism, we derived and analyzed a dual-tropic variant of an X4 virus. Changes in...
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