"Masked mycotoxins" senso strictu are conjugates of mycotoxins resulting from metabolic pathways activated by the interplay between pathogenic fungi and infected plants. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp, was the first masked mycotoxin ever described in the literature, but its biotransformation has been studied to a lesser extent if compared to other compounds such a...

To determine the reasons for the natural occurrence of nivalenol in the northernmost area of Japan, scabby wheat was harvested from 19 crop fields in Hokkaido. Mycological surveys and analysis for mycotoxin contamination were performed. Among 13 wheat grain samples harvested in seven locations, 9, 2, and 6 samples were positive for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone, respectively, at le...

background: identification and quantification of mycotoxins produced by fusarium species are important in controlling fungal diseases. objectives: potential of zearalenone, butenolide and fusarin c production was investigated in five fusarium graminearum and five f. culmorum isolates at molecular level. materials and methods: presence of pks13, fg08079.1 and pks10 genes, associated with product...

The production of deoxynivalenol (DONI) on rice, corn, wheat, and barley grains by Fusarium graminearum Schw. NRRL 5883 was investigated. Highest yields (91.9-202 ppm) were obtained on rice; yields on the other substrates were: corn (34.1-84.5 ppm), wheat (3.6-24.4 ppm), and barley (0-6.6 ppm). Fifty isolates of Fusarium from corn inoculated in the field in 1979 with a mixture of strains of F. ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate fungi and contamination levels of aflatoxin B(1), ochratoxin A, fumonisin B(1), and zearalenone in raw materials and finished feed intended for sows at different reproductive stages. Total fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species occurrence, were examined. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger aggregate spp., and F. verticillioides were the prevalent sp...

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. The toxicity of ZEA and its metabolites is related to the chemical structure of the mycotoxin, which is similar to naturally occurring oestrogens. Currently, there is increasing awareness of the presence of fungi and their toxic metabolites in the aquatic environment. One of the sources of these compounds are t...

Dietary estrogens are believed to exert their estrogenic or antiestrogenic (chemopreventive) action in estrogen responsive cells by interacting with the estrogen receptor (ER). The present study was undertaken to evaluate a direct role of ER in estrogenic or antiestrogenic activities of three dietary estrogens (coumestrol, genistein and zearalenone). HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected w...

glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity pattern was determined in tolerant (cv. sumai#3) and susceptible (cv. falat) wheat heads inoculated with fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of head scab disease (fhb), during various developmental stages. gst specific activity exhibited a transient pattern in sumai#3 reaching a maximum level at the milk stage and declining thereafter. gst level in su...

Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium plant pathogen species have harmful effects on humans and livestock by natural contamination in food and feed. Zearalenone, one of the well-known Fusarium mycotoxins, causes hyperestrogenism and toxicosis resulting in reproductive dysfunction in animals. This study investigated the occurrence of zearalenone in feedstuffs (compound feeds, feed ingredients) between...

A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening method for zearalenone in corn, wheat, and feed at 500 ng/g was evaluated by 23 collaborators (22 laboratories) in an international collaborative study. Eighteen samples of spiked or naturally contaminated corn, wheat, and pig feed were prepared by the sponsoring laboratory and sent for testing with complete test kits to p...