إ ةيرهجملا جماربلا لمشي اذهو ،ةيرورملا ةآرحلا ةاآاحم جمارب روطت يف مهاس ةيتامولعملا ايجولونكتلا يف ريبكلا مدقتلا ن ) Microscopic ( ، نلا ىلع بلطلا ةاآاحم اًضيأ لمشي نايحلأا ضعب يفو ، تاعطاقتو قرط نم اهيف امب لقنلا ةموظنم ةاآاحمب حمسيل يللآا بساحلا تاقيبطت قاطنو لق . ةيرهجملا ةيرورملا ةآرحلا ةاآاحم جمارب نيب نراقتو عجارت ةقرولا هذهو ) Microscopic ( ةيلومشلاو ) Macroscopic ( فلاتخلاا هجوأ ىلع ةزآر...

Although reproductive performance is one of the most critical components in swine production, it has been one of the most difficult areas for geneticists and animal breeders to improve. Traditional quantitative methods such as selection, inbreeding and cross-breeding have had limited success in this area (Rothschild, 1996). This is primarily due to the low heritabilities, sex-limited nature and...

اهتفاقثو اهرخفو ةملأا ةيأ ةيوه نم أزجتي لا اءزج يرامعملا ثارتلا لكشي . ةيخيراتلا ةرامعلا رصانع نا يف اهؤانبو اهميمصت مت دق ةيملاسلإا تابلطتمل يويحو لاعف لكشب ةباجتسلاا ىلع ةرداق نوكت ثيحب يضاملا ةينيدلاو ةيسفنلاو ةيعامتجلااو ةيئيبلاو ةيداملا سانلا . رضاحلا تقولا يف نويرامعملا نوسدنهملا موقي رصانعلا ذخأب اوذخأي ام ةداعو ميمصتلا عيراشم يف اهلاخدا و ةيملاسلإا ةيخيراتلا ينابملا نم ةفلتخملا نيوكت ر...

Intellectual property rights give innovators, both individuals and firms, the right to control and derive benefits from writing (copyright), inventions (patents), processes (trade secrets) and identifiers (trademarks) (definition provided by American Friends Service Committee). IPRs are important to growth of an economy because they allow for an increase in incentives for parties to pursue new ...

This paper analyzes the main economic issues of intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A retrospective view on the establishment of the TRIPS (traderelated aspects of intellectual property rights) Agreement, a still controversial accomplishment of the Uruguay Round of trade liberalization, is provided. The paper reviews the economic ...

Multisectoral collaborative models for drug and therapeutic research and development (R&D) are emerging, requiring a recalibration of how intellectual property rights (IPRs) are used. Although these models appear promising, little study has been conducted on the optimal blend of sharing and exclusion as mediated through the proactive use or nonuse of IPRs. This Commentary is a call for a combin...

This paper is an extension of the debate on the nexus between the strength of IPRs and prospects for knowledge economy. It assesses the relationships between software piracy and scientific publications in African countries for which data is available. The findings which reveal a positive nexus are broadly consistent with the school of thought postulating that, the East Asian miracle has been la...

As discussed in earlier chapters, the global regime of IPRs protection strengthened dramatically in the 1990s, primarily through TRIPs but also through unilateral initiatives and intellectual property chapters in regional trade agreements. I presented the legal structure of TRIPs in chapter 2, and defined the concepts in chapter 3 in order to set the stage for the positive economic analysis of ...

Do Southern intellectual property rights (IPRs) affect Northern innovation? There is much theoretical debate on the impact of IPRs in the South on the incentives of Northern firms to innovate and transfer technologies to the South. While empirical research exists on the effects of Southern IPRs on Northern technology transfers, empirical evidence on the effects of Southern IPRs on Northern inno...