10 n asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks, multiplexing and switching are performed on 53-byte cells which are transported across the network on virtual channel connections (VCCs) [1]. A virtual path connection (VPC) is a labeled path which can be used to transport, process, and manage a bundle of VCCs. Two levels of cell forwarding are defined: virtual path (VP) and virtual channel (VC), ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This review considers the current state of knowledge of genetic factors underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). SUMMARY OF REVIEW We argue here that genes conferring susceptibility to VCI must be of 2 nonmutually exclusive classes: (1) genes that confer susceptibility to cerebrovascular disease, and (2) genes that determine brain tissue responses to cerebrovascu...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The construct of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) includes many whose care is or will be costly. Nevertheless, estimates of these costs are not well described. We therefore set out to estimate the societal costs of VCI in elderly people. METHODS In a secondary analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a representative cohort study, Canadian dollar costs usi...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The goal of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Changsha version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-CS) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of Hunan Province, China, and to explore the optimal cutoff score for detecting vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCI-ND) and vascular dementia (VD). METHODS Three hundred and thirty-eigh...

Remote sensing is used for monitoring the impacts of meteorological drought on ecosystems, but few large-scale comparisons of the response timescale to drought of different vegetation remote sensing products are available. We correlated vegetation health products derived from polar-orbiting radiometer observations with a meteorological drought indicator available at different aggregation timesc...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of a new technique for 3-dimensional (3D) pelvic floor sonography: OmniView combined with Volume Contrast Imaging (VCI; GE Healthcare, Kretz Ultrasound, Zipf, Austria) for pelvic hiatal area measurement. In addition, we aimed to study the intermethod agreement between the new technique and the standard 3D rendering method. ...

Recent clinical data indicates that hemodynamic changes caused by cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, and hypertension affect cognition. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of the resulting vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are poorly understood. One reason for the lack of mechanistic insights in VCI is that research in dementia primarily focused on Alzheimer's disease ...

Near-infrared imaging has been considered as a solution to provide high quality photographs in dim lighting conditions. This imaging system captures two types of multimodal images: one is nearinfrared gray image (NGI) and the other is the visible color image (VCI). NGI is noise-free but it is grayscale, whereas the VCI has colors but it contains noise. Moreover, there exist serious edge and bri...

Advances in our understanding of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) have occurred during 2010 concerning different areas. Although VCI remains a broad concept, whose borders are not yet well defined, a considerable body of literature is published every year concerning the relation between cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and diseases, neuroimaging features of vascular lesions, and cognitive pe...

The association between cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) - in the form of white matter lesions, infarctions, and hemorrhages - with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), has mostly been deduced from observational studies. Pathological conditions affecting the small vessels of the brain and leading to SVD have suggested plausible molecular mechanisms involved in vascular damage and their impac...