Sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster is under the control of the X chromosome:autosome ratio and at least four major regulatory genes: transformer (tra), transformer-2 (tra-2), doublesex (dsx) and intersex (ix). Attention is focused here on the roles of these four loci in sex determination. By examining the sexual phenotype of clones of homozygous mutant cells produced by mitotic recomb...

TRA-8, a monoclonal antibody to death receptor 5 induces apoptosis in various cancer cells; however, the degree of sensitivity varies from highly sensitive to resistant. We have previously shown that resistance to TRA-8 can be reversed by using chemotherapeutic agents, but the mechanism underlying this sensitization was not fully understood. Here, we examined the combination of TRA-8 with doxor...

TRAIL induces apoptosis in a variety of tumorigenic and transformed cell lines, but not in many normal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that death receptor 5 (DR5), one of the two death receptors bound by TRAIL, showed expression in most malignantly transformed cells. This study evaluated effects of a monoclonal antibody (TRA-8) to human death receptor 5, combined with ionizing radiation...

The conjugative multiple antibiotic resistance plasmid pIP501 can be transferred and stably maintained in a variety of Gram-positive genera, including multicellular Streptomyces lividans, as well as in Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The 15 putative pIP501 transfer (tra) genes are organized in an operon-like structure terminating in a strong transcriptional terminator. This paper reports co-tra...

We study the performance of various strategies for scheduling a combined load of unicast and multicast tra c in a broadcast WDM network. The performance measure of interest is schedule length, which directly a ects both aggregate network throughput and average packet delay. Three di erent scheduling strategies are presented, namely: separate scheduling of unicast and multicast tra c, treating m...

We introduce a six layer model of tra c variations and a corresponding model of management actions. In particular, we tra c study real time tra c management on the tra c and session levels which correspond to variations on the hour and minute levels. Using virtual paths (VPs) and virtual channels (VCs) as the managed entities on the two levels respectively, we put forward a simple and robust st...

Almost all animals show sex differences in body size. For example, in Drosophila, females are larger than males. Although Drosophila is widely used as a model to study growth, the mechanisms underlying this male-female difference in size remain unclear. Here, we describe a novel role for the sex determination gene transformer (tra) in promoting female body growth. Normally, Tra is expressed onl...

The gene transformer (tra) is the key regulatory memory device for sex determination in tephritid insects. The present manuscript addressed the question about the functional conservation of the tephritid Anastrepha Transformer protein to direct somatic sexual development in Drosophila (Drosophilidae). The transformer cDNA of Anastrepha encoding the putative full-length Tra protein was cloned in...

The transformer (tra) gene of Drosophila melanogaster occupies an intermediate position in the regulatory pathway controlling all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation. The female-specific expression of this gene's function is regulated by the Sex lethal (Sxl) gene, through a mechanism involving sex-specific alternative splicing of tra pre-mRNA. The tra gene encodes a protein that is though...

PURPOSE A monoclonal antibody (TRA-8) has been developed that binds to death receptor 5 (DR5), one of two death receptors bound by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the binding and cytotoxicity of TRA-8 to human breast cancer cell lines. The antitumor efficacy of TRA-8 was evaluated in a xenograft human breast cancer muri...