This paper evaluates the relationship between the cloud modification factor (CMF) in the ultraviolet erythemal range and the cloud optical depth (COD) retrieved from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) “cloud mode” algorithm under overcast cloudy conditions (confirmed with sky images) at Granada, Spain, mainly for non-precipitating, overcast and relatively homogenous water clouds. Empirical C...

Landfill leachate of Hong Kong was first treated by the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process. At 37 degrees C, pH 7.1-8.5 and a HRT of 5.1-6.6 days, the process removed 66-90% of COD in the leachate for loading rates of 1-2.4 g-COD/l day depending on the strength of landfill leachate. The final effluent contained 1440-1910 mg-COD/l and 70-91 mg-BOD/l. About 92.5% of the total COD remo...

Pots (also known as traps) are baited fishing gears widely used in commercial fisheries, and are being considered as a tool for harvesting Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Pots produce lower environmental impacts than many other fishing gears, but they will only be a viable fishing strategy if they are efficient and selective at catching their target species. To...

Archaeological excavations of historical fishing sites across the North Atlantic have recovered high quantities of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) bones. In the current study we use Atlantic cod otoliths from archaeological excavations of a historical fishing sites in north-west Iceland, dated to AD 970 -AD 1910 to examine historical growth trajectories of cod. No large scale growth variations or s...

Recent substantial declines in northeastern Atlantic cod stocks necessitate improved biological knowledge and the development of techniques to complement standard stock assessment methods (which largely depend on accurate commercial catch data). In 2003, an ichthyoplankton survey was undertaken in the Irish Sea and subsamples of 'cod-like' eggs were analysed using a TaqMan multiplex, PCR (polym...

The treatment of 1,4-dioxane solution by electrochemical oxidation on boron-doped diamond was studied using a central composite design and the response surface methodology to investigate the use of SO4 (2-) and HCO3 (-) as supporting electrolytes considering the applied electric current, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, and treatment time. Two industrial effluents containing bicarbon...

A microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cell (MREC) was used to produce hydrogen gas from fermentation wastewater without the need for additional electrical energy. Increasing the number of cell pairs in the reverse electrodialysis stack from 5 to 10 doubled the maximum current produced from 60 A/m(3) to 120 A/m(3) using acetate. However, more rapid COD removal required a decrease in t...

This work studied the combination of a chemical coagulation/flocculation step with an aerobic biological process, using feed-batch operation, to treat real paint manufacturing wastewater (PMW). The results indicate that the combination of coagulation flocculation and biological process is an efficient alternative in the treatment of PMW. For initials COD of 18590 mg/L, BOD of 1492 mg/L and colo...

Treatment of the 2,5-bis(2'-pyridyl)pyrrolato (PDP-) anion with {Ru(COD)Cl2}n in THF readily yielded [Ru(PDP)(COD)Cl] (1) in almost quantitative yield. Anion metathesis of 1 in organic solvent by NO3- and OTf- (OTf- = triflato) gave [Ru(PDP)(COD)(NO3)] (2) and [Ru(PDP)(COD)(OTf)] (3), and in aqueous solution by BF4- and PF6- afforded aqueous complexes [Ru(PDP)(COD)(H2O)](BF4) (4+·BF4-) and [Ru(...