The translation of professional medical knowledge into language the public can comprehend and employ for home treatment and health maintenance has long been an important activity in Western medical culture. Since the Enlightenment particularly, instruction in matters medical has seemed a crucial element in equipping men and women to control their destiny. Historical examination of the process o...

The foundations for a Department of Dermatology were, however, laid earlier. Addison came to London in 1815 having graduated M.D. at Edinburgh, to become first a pupil of Thomas Bateman and later Physician at the Public Dispensary in Carey Street where Willan had done most of his work. In 1820 he entered Guy's Hospital as a pupil and in 1824, against vigorous opposition in the Court of Committe...

The Asian species of Afidentula Kapur are revised, diagnosed and illustrated. The following new synonyms are proposed: Afidentula stephensi (Mulsant, 1850) (= Afidentula erberi Fürsch, 1984); Afidentula thanhsonensis Hoang, 1977 (=Afidentula cucphuongensis Hoang, 1977). The status of Afidentula herbigrada (Mulsant, 1850) as a synonym of Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal, 1808) is confirme...

Children's healthy mental development has never been the focus of long-term, committed public health policy in the way that early physical health and development have been. We discuss four types of societal response to illness-cure, care, control, and prevention--and trace the history of public health in terms of its special responsibility to control and prevent disease. We identify four period...

The relative importance of north-south migrations of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) versus El Niño-Southern Oscillation and its associated Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC) variability for past hydrological change in the western tropical Pacific is unclear. Here we show that north-south ITCZ migration was not the only mechanism of tropical Pacific hydrologic variability during the las...

Glaucoma involves a characteristic optic neuropathy, often with elevated intraocular pressure. Before 1850, poor vision with a normal eye appearance, as occurs in primary open-angle glaucoma, was termed amaurosis, gutta serena, or black cataract. Few observers noted palpable hardness of the eye in amaurosis. On the other hand, angle-closure glaucoma can produce a green or gray pupil, and theref...