Natural gas processing plants and their associated compressor booster stations emit an estimated 36 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of methane annually. More than 24 Bcf of total methane losses from gas plants are fugitive emissions from leaking compressors and other equipment components such as valves, connectors, seals, and openended lines. Implementing a directed inspection and maintenance (DI&M) p...

in this article economic loss means those losses occurring independently of physical damage to things or to a person's body or health. there are two main positions about reparability of these losses: in some countries like french, belgium, spain, italy and luxembourg as a principle rule economic loss is recoverable and there is no difference between economic loss and other losses. but in s...

Despite its established benefits, breastfeeding is no longer a norm in many communities. Multifactorial determinants of breastfeeding need supportive measures at many levels, from legal and policy directives to social attitudes and values, women's work and employment conditions, and health-care services to enable women to breastfeed. When relevant interventions are delivered adequately, breastf...

Vaccines save thousands of lives in the United States every year, but many adults remain unvaccinated. Low rates of vaccine uptake lead to costs to individuals and society in terms of deaths and disabilities, which are avoidable, and they create economic losses from doctor visits, hospitalizations, and lost income. To identify the magnitude of this problem, we calculated the current economic bu...

Food security and economic welfare strongly depend on agricultural production, the loss of this production can be a serious challenge for food security and economic welfare. Agricultural production is also influenced by environmental and climatic factors so that the variations of climatic parameters can trigger extensive fluctuations in agricultural production. This study classifies climate cha...

The regional economic burdens of obesity have not been fully quantified. This study incorporated bariatric surgery demographics collected from a large university hospital with regional economic and employment data to evaluate the cost of obesity for the South Plains region of Texas. Data were collected from patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass and laparoscopic banding between Sept...

BACKGROUND The detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in...

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a double-stranded (305 kb) DNA invertebrate virus (Wang et al 1998) that causes White Spot Syndrome (WSS) in almost all commercially available crustaceans. Though 22 different viruses are known to cause diseases in shrimp (Hsu et al 2000), WSSV is particularly of great interest to cause mass mortality in 3-10 days of disease blitz. The estimated annual global...

This study evaluated the economic impact of health events associated with air pollution in Brazilian metropolitan regions. From the estimated mortality attributable to concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in 29 metropolitan areas, with a total of 20,050 deaths, the costs associated with mortality were calculated by means of the use of DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) methodology. The ...

BACKGROUND As the Zika virus epidemic continues to spread internationally, countries such as the United States must determine how much to invest in prevention, control, and response. Fundamental to these decisions is quantifying the potential economic burden of Zika under different scenarios. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS To inform such decision making, our team developed a computational mod...