Abstract Shape-memory polymer (SMP)-based functional structures may now be produced more efficiently via four-dimensional (4D) printing, benefiting from the recent advances in multi-material three-dimensional printing technologies. Composite material design using 4D has opened new possibilities for customizing shape memory property of smart polymers. This work studies a strategy to harness desi...

Advances in soft robotics strongly rely on the development and manufacturing of new responsive materials. In particular, light-based 3D printing techniques, especially, digital light processing (DLP), offer a versatile platform for fast complex 3D/4D structures with high spatial resolution. this work, DLP all-printed bilayered exhibiting reversible multi-responsive behavior are presented first ...