abstract in this paper, markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in iran from 2005 to 2009. results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion rials**. with 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion rials. ...

abstract by using cross-section data which gathered through a survey research in mashhad ,contingent valuation approach and tobit model this study tries to determine economical value of air pollution and effective factors on wtp. based on contingent valuation approach, air pollution total value of airpollution in high-polluted region equals 7134146560 rials per month and in middle-polluted regi...

Isabelle is a generic theorem prover, designed for interactive reasoning in a variety of formal theories. At present it provides useful proof procedures for Constructive Type Theory, various first-order logics, Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, and higher-order logic. This survey of Isabelle serves as an introduction to the literature. It explains why generic theorem proving is beneficial. It gives ...

BACKGROUND High-resolution transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) allows comprehensive, in-office examination of the esophagus without sedation. OBJECTIVE To compare the authors' present experience using TNE with our initial, previously reported experience. METHODOLOGY Retrospective review of 611 consecutive patients undergoing TNE was compared with 100 consecutive patients previously reported. R...

The first programming manual [WWG51] was produced in 1951 by Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill. It was a carefully written scientific report, providing an account of distilled experience for the tiny global community of programmers [CK11]. Now 60 years later, we wonder whether there is still a need to write traditional programming manuals at all [SH01]? If there is, can we crowd-source the production by...

since the promenades allocate the part of the country's revenues, therefore, attention to its valuation is very important. springs in desert area are the most prominent of natural landscapes. more study in country investigates recreational value using double– bounded dichotomous choice. but in this study, single-bounded dichotomous choice has been used because of this approach is more like...