A concept related to the spectrum of a graph is that of energy. The energy E(G) of a graph G is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of G . The Laplacian energy of a graph G is equal to the sum of distances of the Laplacian eigenvalues of G and the average degree d(G) of G. In this paper we introduce the concept of Laplacian energy of fuzzy graphs. ...

Given a graph G, a visual cryptography scheme based on the graph G is a method to distribute a secret image among the vertices of G, the participants, so that a subset of participants can recover the secret image if they contain an edge of G, by stacking their shares, otherwise they can obtain no information regarding the secret image. In this paper we apply maximal independent sets of the grap...

let g be a fixed element of a finite group g. we introduce the g-noncommuting graph of g whose vertex set is whole elements of the group g and two vertices x,y are adjacent whenever [x,y] g  and  [y,x] g. we denote this graph by . in this paper, we present some graph theoretical properties of g-noncommuting graph. specially, we investigate about its planarity and regularity, its clique number a...

For a graph $G$, let $P(G,lambda)$ denote the chromatic polynomial of $G$. Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are chromatically equivalent if they share the same chromatic polynomial. A graph $G$ is chromatically unique if any graph chromatically equivalent to $G$ is isomorphic to $G$. A $K_4$-homeomorph is a subdivision of the complete graph $K_4$. In this paper, we determine a family of chromatically uni...

let $g=(v,e)$ be a simple graph. a set $ssubseteq v$ isindependent set of $g$,  if no two vertices of $s$ are adjacent.the  independence number $alpha(g)$ is the size of a maximumindependent set in the graph. in this paper we study and characterize the independent sets ofthe zero-divisor graph $gamma(r)$ and ideal-based zero-divisor graph $gamma_i(r)$of a commutative ring $r$.

let g be a (p, q) graph. let f : v (g) → {1, 2, . . . , k} be a map. for each edge uv, assign the label gcd (f(u), f(v)). f is called k-prime cordial labeling of g if |vf (i) − vf (j)| ≤ 1, i, j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , k} and |ef (0) − ef (1)| ≤ 1 where vf (x) denotes the number of vertices labeled with x, ef (1) and ef (0) respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and not labeled with 1....

The original aim of this paper is to construct a graph associated to a vector space. By inspiration of the classical definition for the Cayley graph related to a group we define Cayley graph of a vector space. The vector space Cayley graph ${rm Cay(mathcal{V},S)}$ is a graph with the vertex set the whole vectors of the vector space $mathcal{V}$ and two vectors $v_1,v_2$ join by an edge whenever...

Throughout this paper, R will denote a commutative ring with identity and M is a unitary R- module and Z will denote the ring of integers. We introduce the graph Ω(M) of module M with the set of vertices contain all nontrivial non-essential submodules of M. We investigate the interplay between graph-theoretic properties of Ω(M) and algebraic properties of M. Also, we assign the values of natura...

The Tutte polynomial of a graph G, T(G, x,y) is a polynomial in two variables defined for every undirected graph contains information about how the graph is connected. In this paper a simple formula for computing Tutte polynomial of a benzenoid chain is presented.