When we build electronic cash systems, the main focus of the design is usually on preventing customers’ malicious actions. However, since authorities such as banks and certificate authorities may have important secret data of customers, the insiders in the potentially untrusted authorities can become threats to electronic cash systems. Miyazaki and Sakurai [2] first systematically analyzed secu...

Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I DNA sequences are a good discriminative marker for phylogenetic studies in crustaceans and especially in amphipoda. In the present study, molecular and morphological data were analyzed to test whether Gammarus lobifer authority and Gammarus balutchi authority which one or two geographically separated but morphologically similar species. The analyses pr...

Authority is a central concept in social systems, but it has variety of meanings. Promise Theory offers simple formalized understanding authority, and its origins, as polarization within network collaborative interactions. This idealized approximation stands contrast to the usual deontic view authority socio-philosophical literature, unifies various interpretations with single idea. It's shown ...