In this paper we address an often overlooked problem in defeasible argumentation: how do we deal with arguments that are on their own defeated, but together remain undefeated? Pollock (1991) finds this accrual of arguments a natural supposition, but then surprisingly denies its existence. We think that arguments do accrue. To handle the accrual of arguments, we introduce compound defeat of argu...

There are conflicting reports on the influence of lean and fat mass on bone accrual during childhood. No infant's studies have been reported that describe the influence of changes in body composition with changes in bone accrual during the first year of life. The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that greater gains in lean mass will have a positive effect on bone mineral con...

Failure detection is a fundamental building block for ensuring fault tolerance in distributed systems. For this reason, many people have been advocating that failure detection should be provided as some form of service [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], similar to IP address lookup (DNS) or time synchronization (e.g., NTP). Unfortunately, in spite of important technical breakthroughs, this view has met little su...

The accrual anomaly is a phenomenon that investors gain future abnormal returns through accruals-based hedge portfolios. This paper first shows that China's institutional investors have a better understanding of the persistence of accounting accruals and they more accurately assess stock prices, and that an accrual-based hedge portfolio yields smaller future abnormal returns for firms with high...

BACKGROUND Phase II cancer studies are undertaken to assess the activity of a new drug or a new treatment regimen. Activity is sometimes defined in terms of a survival probability, a binary outcome such as one-year survival that is derived from a time-to-event variable. Phase II studies are usually designed with an interim analysis so they can be stopped if early results are disappointing. Most...

Although using the 2-stage designs proposed in the literature has certain advantages such as limiting the expected number of people exposed to inactive agents while retaining overall size and power, the practical application of these methods can be challenging in a cooperative setting because of the difficulty in obtaining the exact sample sizes as demanded by these procedures. Chen and Ng prop...

Perceptual decision making requires acquiring perceptual evidence and judging the reliability of such evidence. Thus, the confidence one has in the signal at hand affects perceptual decisions. Here we demonstrate that this form of confidence also dynamically depends on the perceivers’ previous task performance – a form of ”confidence hysteresis”. Both children and adults performed a numerical d...