Muhammad Iqbal’s cultural, literary, and philosophical influence on the Indian subcontinent, especially his impact on the events that led to the birth of the state of Pakistan cannot be denied.  Prior to visiting Europe, Iqbāl had gained profound understanding of Islamic teachings.  While in Europe, he acquired deep knowledge of Western scholarship and was also exposed to Western philosophical ...

Extended Abstract The not-invented-here (NIH) syndrome refers to internal resistance in a company against externally developed knowledge. Although previous research has shown that firms can benefit significantly from external knowledge inflows in terms of firm performance and innovativeness such positive effects from external knowledge sourcing cannot be taken for granted. The adaption of exter...

the problem of the knowledge of human soul and its correlation to god's knowledge have been introduced between muslims of the beginning of islamic age and thought, using at correct traditions for ahl ul-bayt. muslim philosophers' affected by islamic teachings have studied in this respect and raised its problem as an islamic philosophical problem. they discussed this problem from two a...

Generally, ontology learning and population is applied as a semi-automatic approach to knowledge acquisition in natural language understanding systems. That means, after the ontology is created or populated, an expert of the domain can still change or refine the newly acquired knowledge. In an incremental ontology learning and population framework (as e.g. applied in open-domain dialog systems)...

When the environment is dynamically changed for agents, knowledge acquired from an environment might be useless in the future environments. Therefore, agents should not only acquire new knowledge but also modify or delete old knowledge. However, these modification and deletion are not always efficient in learning. Because the knowledge once acquired in the past can be useful again in the future...