One of the major challenges facing the proposed highenergy linear ee colliders is the preservation of the extremely small vertical emittance from the damping rings to the interaction point (IP). This emittance must be transported through bunch compression sections, the main linac and finally through the beam delivery system to the IP. Historically, the beam dynamics issues of each subsystem hav...

Proton, as well as other ion, beams applied by electro-magnetic deflection in pencil-beam scanning (PBS) are minimally perturbed and thus can be quantified a priori by their fundamental interactions in a medium. This a priori quantification permits an optimal reduction of characterizing measurements on a particular PBS delivery system. The combination of a priori quantification and measurements...

Introduction Hadron-therapy is an effective technique used to treat tumors that are located between or nearby vital organs. The Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron-therapy (CNAO) has been realized as the first facility in Italy to treat very difficult tumors with protons and Carbon ions. The on-line monitor system for CNAO has been developed by the Department of Physics of the Univers...

Helical tomotherapy is a rotational delivery technique that uses intensity-modulated fan beams to deliver highly conformal intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The beam-on time needed to deliver a given prescribed dose can be up to 15 times longer than that needed using conventional treatment delivery. As such, there is concern that this delivery technique has the potential to increase...

Helical tomotherapy is a dedicated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) system with on-board imaging capability (MVCT) and therefore differs from conventional treatment units. Different design goals resulted in some distinctive radiation field characteristics. The most significant differences in the design are the lack of flattening filter, increased shielding of the collimators, treatm...

The intensity modulated raster scanning technique enables an extremely precise irradiation of tumours, which can be fixed in position and do not move. This thesis investigates how to extend raster scanning to moving target volumes, like in the thorax. Two different strategies were studied: A rescanning of the volume which is not correlated to the target motion and an active realignment of the b...

background : oxytocin is the most consumed medication in modern midwifery. the consumption of oxytocin in inducing and strengthening delivery in delivery wards requires an efficient method for making use of this medication with maximum effect and minimum side effects. in this regard, this study has been conducted aiming at comparing the effect of two methods of prescribing oxytocin in inducing ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A free-beam-type CO2 laser, which use a micromanipulator mounted on a microscope as the delivery system, has the merit of not being affected by hand tremor at the time of shooting. However, this delivery system has several disadvantages, including a restricted operation range and a risk of incorrect focusing. A fiber-type CO2 laser uses a hand-held delivery system and ...

the ball and beam system is one of the most popular laboratory setups for control education. in this paper, we design a fuzzy pd cascade controller for a ball and beam system using asexual reproduction optimization (aro) technique. the ball & beam system consists of a servo motor, a grooved beam, and a rolling ball. this system utilizes a servo motor to control ball’s position on the beam. chan...