introduction payment system is any organized arrangement for transferring monetary value leading to discharge and settlement of obligation. negotiable instruments in their special meaning are tradable documents that can be used as means of payment in commercial and consuming trades and are considered as non-cash payment system among the monetary transferring systems. the negotiable instruments ...

The Covid-19 epidemic has caused substantial obstacles to the supply network globally. Hence there is urgency and necessity build a model for cash flow in chain of demand system. This research suggests an inventory assist retailers determining optimal ordering quantity replenishment cycle reduce total cost different payment cases. current study looks toward partial advance delays system conside...

nowadays, along with the development of human communities, wildlife has been faced with serious issues even to the estent of a threatening extinction,therefore the role of natural ecosystem preservation for the needed conservartion of wildlife is of crucial importance. estimation of payment willingness is an apparopriate method for an assessment of an individual's interest in wildlife cons...

Fuzzy cognitive mapping was used to understand the wants and desires of local people before resettlement. Variables that the affected people think will increase their welfare during and after dam construction were determined. Simulations were done with their cumulative social cognitive map to determine which policy options would most increase their welfare. The construction of roads, job opport...

The Institute of Medicine's 2014 report Dying in America: Improving quality and honoring individual preferences near the end of life provides recommendations for creating transformational change in the models of end-of-life care delivery, clinician-patient communication, and advance care planning; improving professional education, reforming policies, and payment systems; and engaging and educat...

A well designed and reliable prevention system for non-payment event is very important for the telecom company. Monitoring is especially needed in case the client exceeds the level of his standard payments what can lead to his financial problems. In this paper, we propose a system describing client's behavior and informing about possible problems in advance. In this approach we apply novel ense...

Bitcoin, a decentralized cryptocurrency, has attracted a lot of attention from academia, financial service industry and enthusiasts. The trade-off between transaction confirmation throughput and centralization of hash power do not allow Bitcoin to perform at the same level as modern payment systems. Block Advertisement Protocol is proposed as a step to resolve this issue. The protocol allows bl...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

We consider the k-payment problem: given a total budget of N units, the problem is to represent this budget as a set of coins, so that any k exact payments of total value at most N can be made using k disjoint subsets of the coins. The goal is to minimize the number of coins for any givenN and k, while allowing the actual payments to be made on-line, namely without the need to know all payment ...