Boosting is a general method for improving the accuracy of any given learning algorithm. This short paper introduces the boosting algorithm AdaBoost, and explains the underlying theory of boosting, including an explanation of why boosting often does not suffer from overfitting. Some examples of recent applications of boosting are also described.

The mechanisms by which these open sets may be assigned, is arbitrary as long they satisfy the above properties. In practice, the most common way to define open sets is by way of metrics. However, it is important to note that even in this case, the definitions of continuous maps can be much simplified using open sets especially for large dimensions. For example, the classical definition for con...

Proofs are perhaps the very heart of mathematics. Unlike the other sciences, mathematics adds a final step to the familiar scientific method. After experimenting, collecting data, creating a hypothesis, and checking that hypothesis through more experiments, mathematicians must prove their hypothesis is correct before it can be accepted as a true result. Similarly, mathematicians will only consi...

In this paper we extend HOTL (Hypotheses and Observations Testing Logic) to provide a formal framework to test timed systems. The main idea underlying HOTL is to infer whether a set of observations (i.e., results of test applications) allows to claim that the IUT conforms to the specification if a specific set of hypotheses is assumed. In this paper we adapt HOTL to cope with the inclusion of t...

• Some overall considerations • A crucial debate "intelligent" and "unintelligent" numbers • What are we identifying anyway? • Granularity • What do we need from unique identification systems for content? • The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) • The Book Item and Component Identifier (BICI) • The Publisher Item Identifier (PII) • The Common Information System (CIS) and the Interna...

NZMATH is a system for number theory which is being developed at Tokyo Metropolitan University. From the viewpoint of a NZMATH user, we show how you can use this system and what you can do with it. Moreover, we demonstrate how to install, execute commands and link NZMATH with other softwares.

The remainder of the work, excepting the final chapter, is made up of nicely composed biographical sketches of figures that loom large in the legends of biology, and some insight into the scientific Zeitgeist within which the men existed. Linnaeus, Lyell, Darwin, Pasteur, and Mendel are present along with the host of figures who served as foils for the Promethean protagonists. These sketches ar...

We present a basic axiomatic development of Zermelo-Fraenkel and Choice set theory, commonly abbreviated ZFC. This paper is aimed in particular at students of mathematics who are familiar with set theory from a “naive” perspective, and are interested in the underlying axiomatic development. We will quickly review some basic concepts of set theory, before focusing on the set theoretic definition...

A logical framework is a meta-language for the formalization of deductive systems. We provide a brief introduction to logical frameworks and their methodology, concentrating on LF. We use first-order logic as the running example to illustrate the representations of syntax, natural deductions, and proof transformations. We also sketch a recent formulation of LF centered on the notion of canonica...

What is homeopathy? Homeopathy is a complete system of medical treatment that makes use of substances normally found in nature, which are prepared into remedies by a process of serial dilution. In use for over two centuries, it continues to be an effective means of curing disease and palliating incurable illnesses. Homeopathy makes use of plants, minerals and animal derivatives, although the so...