BACKGROUND We set out a systemic review to evaluate whether off-label bevacizumab is as safe as licensed ranibizumab, and whether bevacizumab can be justifiably offered to patients as a treatment for age-related macular degeneration with robust evidence of no differential risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched with no limitations of language and year...

Teen out-of-wedlock mothers have lower education and earnings than peers who have children later. This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988 (NELS) to examine the extent to which the apparent effects of out-of-wedlock teen fertility are not causal, but are due to pre-existing disadvantages of the young women and their families. We use a novel fixed-effect matching meth...

This paper evaluates the effect of alcohol access on drug-related crime using detailed information on county and state level changes in access laws in Texas between 1978 and 1996. After controlling for both county and year fixed effects, we find evidence that allowing local alcohol access decreases crimes associated with illicit drugs. We also find that prohibiting the sale of beer to persons u...

We present the frailtyHL package for fitting semi-parametric frailty models using hlikelihood. This package allows lognormal or gamma frailties for random-effect distribution, and it fits shared or multilevel frailty models for correlated survival data. Functions are provided to format and summarize the frailtyHL results. The estimates of fixed effects and frailty parameters and their standard ...

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The Choice Between Fixed and Random Effects Models: Some Considerations for Educational Research We discuss fixed and random effects models in the context of educational research and set out the assumptions behind the two approaches. To illustrate the issues, we analyse the determinants of pupil achievement in primary school, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. ...