BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic has exacerbated tuberculosis disease especially in Sub-Saharan African countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) have recommended Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) for HIV infected patients to reduce the burden of tuberculosis (TB). Ethiopia has been implementing IPT since 2007. Ho...

OBJECTIVE In accordance with the dichotomy between T helper type 1(Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, the occurrence of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is, in theory, inversely related in the individual. However, recent studies investigating the association between the two diseases are controversial. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING We us...

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are little of HIV-infected women one-year after screening using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), HPV or cytology in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS HIV-infected women in Johannesburg South Africa were screened one year later by Pap smear, VIA and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Women qualified for the 1...

Abstract Background Changes in management of bone infections, particularly early transition to oral antibiotic therapy, have decreased length stay (LOS) for children hospitalized with acute osteomyelitis. However, evaluation differences by race and ethnicity been limited. Methods Using the Kids’ Inpatient Database, we conducted a cross-sectional study ages 0–20 years 2016 or 2019 primary second...

Abstract Background Whilst the high burden of mental health comorbidity in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is now being recognised, less known about additional impacts having concurrent IBD and a condition, especially children young adults. Methods We conducted retrospective, observational study using large UK primary care dataset (Optimum Patient Care Research Database). Children ...

Context: National guidelines recommend that patients with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) undergo periodic urine drug testing (UDT), yet little evidence supports the utility of this approach. Given wide variation in test utilization and interpretation, it is important to understand factors associated UDT. Objective: To identify patient prescr...

Context: Tapering of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) increased after publication the 2016 CDC guidelines, followed by anecdotal reports exacerbated pain among tapered patients. However, two systematic reviews limited evidence from multidisciplinary control programs found similar or better ratings tapering versus baseline. Objective: To evaluate association between dose and sub...

Lab spaces can teach STEM ethics by highlighting and creating opportunities to practice the four key dimensions of AIRR framework Responsible Innovation (RI): anticipation, inclusion, responsiveness, reflexivity. In this paper, we introduce ‘Futures Labs’∼ as a pedagogical approach train students in RI skills encourage them become aware of, more concerned about, broad social, political, ethical...

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) derived from adsorption of n-alkanethiols onto the surfaces of copper slow the oxidation of the copper surface by ieaction with atmospheric dioxygen. Angstrom-lervel changes in the thickness of the monolayer result in readily observable differences (by X-ray pirotoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) in the rates of oxidation of the copper and adsorbed thiolates. The rat...