The subcutaneous insulin drug therapy, vial and syringe method is burdenful and time consuming. Another question to design an alternative way to deliver insulin by replaces injectable insulin to move comfortable dosage form. Consequently more acceptable at least effective insulin delivery has been developed over past years. This review examines some of many attempts made to developed alternativ...

Introduction and Related Work Routing services have evolved over the past years. Providing only a shortest path is no longer enough. Users expect to be presented with a set of reasonable alternatives. We show how to engineer previous algorithms to provide reasonable alternative paths with better efficiency. Building on these results, we introduce the concept of candidate via nodes to further sp...

NAD plays essential redox and non-redox roles in cell biology. In mammals, its de novo and recycling biosynthetic pathways encompass two independent branches, the "amidated" and "deamidated" routes. Here we focused on the indispensable enzymes gating these two routes, i.e. nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), which in mammals comprises three distinct isozymes, and NAD synthe...

BACKGROUND Melatonin is traditionally administered orally but has a poor and variable bioavailability. This study aims to present an overview of studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of alternative administration routes of melatonin. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed and included experimental or clinical studies, investigating pharmacokinetics of alternative administra...

As nuclear families have become increasingly less stable over the past quarter century, married couples have been faced with the difficult task of negotiating the terms by which marriage is ended. For parents, divorce involves questions revolving around the care and sustenance of children. In this paper we investigate whether observed divorce settlements indicate that parents make trade-offs in...

This Essay proceeds in four steps. Part I summarizes the quantitative evidence on the pattern of escalation and outcomes of more than 600 GATT/WTO disputes from 1948 through 1999. Part II elaborates on our theory of settlement bargaining within the context of an institution lacking enforcement power and shows how the hypotheses are consistent with the evidence introduced earlier. Part III discu...

We consider the problem of computing a set meaningful alternative origin-to-destination routes, in real-world road network instances whose arcs are accompanied by travel-time functions rather than fixed costs. In this time-dependent route scenario, we present novel query algorithm, called Time-Dependent Alternative Graph (TDAG), that exploits outcome time-consuming preprocessing phase to create...

We present examples of simple dynamical systems containing alternative routes to chaos which are degenerate with a period-doubling route. The existence of degenerate routes implies the possibility of having more entangled dynamical behaviors hidden in observations based on a single-variable time series, possibly requiring, therefore, special care to discriminate them. A model system allowing th...

A recent trend in routing research is the use of overlay routing to improve end-to-end QoS without changing the network-level architecture. The key of this technology is to find an alternative route that can avoid congested routes, using an overlay network. Developing costefficient overlay routing in terms of calculation cost and information distribution cost needed to find an alternative route...

BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) by oral or intravenous (iv) routes is used for mild to moderate pain but may take time to be effective. When fast relief is required and/or oral or iv routes are not available because of the patient's condition, the transmucosal route may be an alternative. METHODOLOGY A new transmucosal/buccal (b) pharmaceutical form of APAP dissolved in 50% wt alcohol is comp...