Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is defined as a syndrome of acute liver failure with the development of hepatic encephalopathy and severe hypoprothrombinemia occurring within 2 months of the onset of symptoms or jaundice in a person without preexisting liver disease. Total orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) is a lifesaving therapeutic option for patients with FHF, but currently requires li...

Amatoxins, the lethal constituents of poisonous mushrooms in the genus Amanita, are bicyclic octapeptides. Two genes in A. bisporigera, AMA1 and PHA1, directly encode alpha-amanitin, an amatoxin, and the related bicyclic heptapeptide phallacidin, a phallotoxin, indicating that these compounds are synthesized on ribosomes and not by nonribosomal peptide synthetases. alpha-Amanitin and phallacidi...

The clinical picture secondary to amanita phalloides, which began with gastrointestinal complaints, advanced to fulminant hepatic failure in two days. Emergency liver transplantation was decided for the case of a 48-year-old male patient, who at the same time had renal failure and acute pancreatitis. Bridge treatment with plasma diafiltration was applied until the liver transplantation, which w...

Amatoxin poisoning is caused by mushroom species belonging to the genera Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota with the majority of lethal mushroom exposures attributable to Amanita phalloides. High mortality rate in intoxications with these mushrooms is principally a result of the acute liver failure following significant hepatocyte damage due to hepatocellular uptake of amatoxins. A wide variety of a...

In the framework of a research project as identification of macro-fungi of Kheyroud Educational and Experimental Forest (Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran), more than 470 specimens of various groups of macro-fungi were collected and identified. From identified samples about 200 specimens were belong to 46 agaric species, as follows: Agaricus silvaticus, Bovista pl...

Invasive alien species are species introduced deliberately or unintentionally to areas outside their natural habitats. They can cause a significant irreversible environmental and socio-economic impact at genetic, species and ecosystem levels, and as claimed by Moore (2000), ‘throughout the world, exotic aliens are wreaking havoc’. The control of these invasive alien species has been discussed a...