Kindling, one of the most used models of experimental epilepsy is based on daily electrical stimulation in several brain structures. Unlike the classic or slow kindling protocols (SK), the rapid kindling types (RK) described until now require continuous stimulation at suprathreshold intensities applied directly to the same brain structure used for subsequent electrophysiological and immunohisto...

It was concluded from previous studies that prior stimulation produced a longlasting inhibition of kindled seizures only when a series of convulsions were evoked. The present study describes a brain stimulation procedure capable of producing a long-lasting inhibition of kindled convulsions without evoking prior convulsions of EEG afterdischarge. Electrodes were implanted in the amygdala of rats...

OBJECTIVE Amygdala kindling is a widely used animal model for studying mesial temporal lobe epileptogenesis. In the macaque monkey, electrical amygdala kindling develops slowly and provides an opportunity for investigating ictal perfusion changes during epileptogenesis. METHODS Two rhesus monkeys were electrically kindled through chronically implanted electrodes in the right amygdala over a p...

The term kindling refers to the gradual development of epileptiform activity as a result of repeated, spaced stimulations of specific brain regions e.g. amygdala, hippocampus. cerebral cortex. Electrically kindled seizures are a valuable model of human complex partial epilepsy and evidence is accumulating for an involvement of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), and in particular glutamate. in this ...

the n-methyl-d-aspartic acid (nmda) receptor is one of the specific types of ionotropic receptors which lied to glutaminergic system. it has been widely accepted that nmda receptor neurons promote anxiety, in humans as well as in animal models. however, in the previous study seems inhibiting of this receptors decreased the protective role in neural cell. demonstration of nmda receptor activity ...

INTRODUCTION In kindling, repeated electrical stimulation of certain brain areas causes progressive and permanent intensification of epileptiform activity resulting in generalized seizures. We focused on the role(s) of glutamate and a negative regulator of glutamate release, STXBP5/tomosyn-1, in kindling. METHODS Stimulating electrodes were implanted in the amygdala and progression to two suc...

introduction: the role of adenosine a1 receptors of the entorhinal cortex on amygdaloid kindled seizures was investigated. material and methods: animals were kindled by daily electrical stimulation of amygdala. in the full kindled animals, n6-cyclohexyladenosine (cha; 0.1, 1 and 10 mm), an adenosine a1 receptor agonist, and 8-cyclopenthyle 1,3-dimethylexanthine (cpt), an adenosine a1 receptor a...

Conventional kindling experiments appear ideal for generating inadvertent conditioned effects: A variety of stimuli (e.g., removal from the home cage, attachment to the stimulation lead, and placement in the stimulation environment) are repeatedly presented to the animal prior to each stimulation and convulsion. We recently demonstrated that the stimulation environment can have a major impact o...

We studied brain synapsin I and II mRNA levels using the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy. There were significant increases in the synapsin I mRNA level in the granule cell layer of the hippocampal bilateral dentate gyrus. One to 8 h after seizures, the level in the dentate gyrus ipsilateral to stimulation increased by 44.2-73.2%, compared with the control level. Of the time points investiga...

Earlier work has suggested that Fyn tyrosine kinase plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. To understand the downstream targets of Fyn signaling cascade in neurons, we generated transgenic mice expressing either a constitutively activated form of Fyn or native Fyn in neurons of the forebrain. Transgenic mice expressing mutant Fyn exhibited higher seizure activity and were prone to sudd...