The Internet was not designed to be a critical part of the economy—but it has become exactly that. In fact, it has become a critical infrastructure for the overall society in developed countries. There are many questions today on how the Internet will or should develop in the future. What has been asserted throughout the industry and the research community is that the Internet must change, and ...

Basic approaches typically include spreadsheet-based analyses that use emissions factor relationships or other assumptions to estimate reductions. Sophisticated approaches are usually more complex and involve dynamic electricity or energy system representations that predict energy generation responses to policies and calculate the effects on emissions.* 4.2.2 QUANTIFY AIR AND GHG EMISSION REDUC...

In this report we present a hierarchical method that decomposes a system into a high level subsystem which communicates with n ≥ 1 parallel low level subsystems through separate interfaces, which restrict the interaction of the subsystems. We first define the setting for the serial case (n = 1), and then generalise it for n ≥ 1. We present a definition for an interface, and define a set of inte...

Let $R$ be an associative ring with unity. An element $x \in R$ is called $\mathbb{Z}G$-clean if $x=e+r$, where $e$ is an idempotent and $r$ is a $\mathbb{Z}G$-regular element in $R$. A ring $R$ is called $\mathbb{Z}G$-clean if every element of $R$ is $\mathbb{Z}G$-clean. In this paper, we show that in an abelian $\mathbb{Z}G$-regular ring $R$, the $Nil(R)$ is a two-sided ideal of $R$ and $\fra...

We completely determine those natural numbers $n$ for which the full matrix ring $M_n(F_2)$ and triangular $T_n(F_2)$ over two elements field $F_2$ are either n-torsion clean or almost clean, respectively. These results somewhat address settle a question, recently posed by Danchev-Matczuk in Contemp. Math. (2019) as well they supply more precise aspect nil-cleanness property of $n\times n$ all ...