We present in situ observations of hydrocarbon formation via carbonate reduction at upper mantle pressures and temperatures. Methane was formed from FeO, CaCO(3)-calcite, and water at pressures between 5 and 11 GPa and temperatures ranging from 500 degrees C to 1,500 degrees C. The results are shown to be consistent with multiphase thermodynamic calculations based on the statistical mechanics o...

Non-coding RNAs must fold into specific structures that are stabilized by metal ions and other co-solutes in the cell's interior. Large crowder molecules such as PEG stabilize a bacterial group I ribozyme so that the RNA folds in low Mg2+ concentrations typical of the cell's interior. To understand the thermodynamic origins of stabilization by crowder molecules, small angle X-ray scattering was...

Introduction. The electrical conductivity of minerals increases with temperature and impurity content [e.g., 1]. Aluminum in orthopyroxene is one such impurity that has been invoked to fit the electrical conductivity of the deep interior of the Moon while maintaining subsolidus temperatures [2-4]. However, the required bulk alumina abundance in pyroxene is comparable to that inferred for the en...

The relevance of the study is due to lack a systematic theoretical platform that serves describe effect increasing (up two times) accident rate on roads in conditions high ambient temperatures. development foundations capable describing this phenomenon was purpose work. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, methods mathematical statistics. initial data were obtained by expert method observa...

BACKGROUND There are few data on the interaction between temperature and snow and rain precipitation, although they could interact in their effects on road traffic injuries. METHODS The integrated database of the Korea Road Traffic Authority was used to calculate the daily frequency of road traffic injuries in Seoul. Weather data included rain and snow precipitation, temperature, pressure, an...

The demand for timber products is facilitating the degradation and opening up of large areas of intact habitats rich in biodiversity. Logging creates an extensive network of access roads within the forest, yet these are commonly ignored or excluded when assessing impacts of logging on forest biodiversity. Here we determine the impact of these roads on the overall condition of selectively logged...

Through an exact analysis using quantum Langevin dynamics, we demonstrate the crossover from ballistic to diffusive thermal transport in a harmonic chain with each site connected to Ohmic heat reservoirs. The temperatures of the two heat baths at the boundaries are specified from the beginning, whereas the temperatures of the interior heat reservoirs are determined self-consistently by demandin...

the optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. it is an important step of forest road network planning. the goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in kheiroudkenar forest of nowshahr in northern iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of taf and timbe...

In this study, a contribution separation technique using only response signals were considered for an analysis of vehicle interior noise. Independent component analysis (ICA) was applied for the technique. To verify and consider the applicability of the method in contribution separation, vehicle engine, road, and wind noise sources were combined artificially to simulate vehicle interior noise a...

Incidence and severity of visible foliar ozone injury on cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) and crown-beard (Verbesina occidentalis Walt.) were determined along selected trails at three locations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summers of 2000 and 2001: Clingmans Dome, Cherokee Orchard Road and Purchase Knob. Cutleaf coneflower exhibited a greater amount of foliar inj...