Although the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) in clinical practice brought the great chance to recognize the RAS role in the physiology and pathology, there are still many questions which we cannot answer. This article reviews actually known pathways of angiotensin II (Ang II) and other peptides of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) production and their physiological signifi...

Introduction: Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a relatively common condition affecting the macula. When symptoms become apparent and compromise patient’s quality of vision, only therapeutic approach available today surgery with vitrectomy peeling ERM. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) reduce effect angiotensin II, limit amount fibrosis, demonstra...

Conclusion: Although ACE-inhibitors are usually initiated for life long treatment, a high percentage of ACE-inhibitors starters will stop or switch their therapy. The highest risk of discontinuation or switching in renal disease patients and heart failure patients. Table 1. General characteristics of included patients stratified for different indications (N= 276,977patients). Introduction: Angi...

Some studies suggest that angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) may protect against memory decline more than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is), but few have examined possible mechanisms. We assessed longitudinal differences between ARB versus ACE-I users in global and sub-regional amyloid-? accumulation by 18F-florbetapir. In cognitively normal older adults (n= 142), pr...

Antagonism of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) decreases BP and reduces proteinuria in chronic kidney disease. BP is decreased approximately 5 mmHg when angiotensin II blockers are added to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is less than typically seen when other agents are added to existing ACE inhibitor regimens. Dual RAAS blockade results in additional reducti...

Enzymatic properties of dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (DCP) from Bacillus pumilus were investigated. The enzyme was more active on tri- and tetrapeptides than angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from rabbit lung. The presence of chloride ion is essential for the hydrolysis. The Km value of angiotensin I for the enzyme was 0.119 x 10(-3) M. The enzyme was not inhibited by the mammalian ACE inhibit...

Introduction Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, developed in the late 1960s from the venom of a Brazilian pit viper, have become a mainstay of current medical therapy for essential hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. In this essay, we explore the evolutionary theory behind ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is), using the lessons of anthropology to explain why the ...

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March 2020 marked the beginning of a global pandemic caused by SARSCoV- 2. With development, production and distribution several vaccines there are hopes to an end in sight. However, with emergence mutated viral strains concerns mounting as effectiveness current treatments preventative measures against new strains. Herein we analyzed compared interaction SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein its variant...

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Angiotensin II and α1-adrenergic receptor agonist also induce myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in animal models [5]. The role of sympathetic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of diastolic dysfunction without heart failure among subjects treate...