Long-acting anti-HIV products can substantively change the standard of care for patients with HIV/AIDS. To this end, hydrophobic antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) were recently developed for parenteral administration at monthly or longer intervals. While shorter-acting hydrophilic drugs can be made into nanocarrier-encased prodrugs, the nanocarrier encasement must be boosted to establish long-acting ...

Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have become the cornerstone of care and treatment for AIDS in North America, Brazil, and Europe. Twenty years into the epidemic, and more than 10 years after the introduction of ARV's, effective global treatment of AIDS, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the epidemic is most concentrated, is an extraordinary challenge. Guidelines and experience in anti-microbia...

Lymphocyte subsets, activation markers and apoptosis were assessed in 20 HIV-exposed noninfected (ENI) children born to HIV-infected women who were or not exposed to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs during pregnancy and early infancy. ENI children and adolescents were aged 6-18 years and they were compared to 25 age-matched healthy non-HIV-exposed children and adolescents (Control). ENI individuals p...

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms that arise due to decreased immunity caused by HIV infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) type virus infects white blood cells which causes decrease in human immunity. Efforts are being made at this time for people with namely Antiretroviral treatment (ARV). This study aims analyze the factors influence utilization AR...

BACKGROUND The Tingathe program utilizes community health workers to improve prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) service delivery. We evaluated the impact of antiretroviral (ARV) regimen and maternal CD4+ count on HIV transmission within the Tingathe program in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS We reviewed clinical records of 1088 mother-infant pairs enrolled from March 2009 to March 2...

The HIV infection is responsible for the most devastating global pandemic of the last century. More than 39 million people have died of HIV/AIDS since 1981. The development of the antiretroviral (ARV) treatment begins with the discovery of zidovudine a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. This breakthrough was followed by other ARV drug classes and representatives. Presently, HIV treatme...

BACKGROUND Conflicting results have been reported among studies of protease inhibitor (PI) use during pregnancy and preterm birth. Uncontrolled confounding by indication may explain some of the differences among studies. METHODS In total, 777 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women in a prospective cohort who were not receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at conception w...

According to 2011 Ethiopian demographic health survey, the overall national adult (age 15-49 years) HIV prevalence was 1.5% (1% among males and 1.9% among females) and 0.9% for SNNPR [4]. Introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996 has led to dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS [1,2]. In Ethiopia, the fee based and universal free access antiretroviral (AR...

The number of people receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) has increased considerably in recent years and is expected to continue to grow in the coming years. A major challenge is to maintain uninterrupted supplies of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and prevent stock outs. This article discusses issues around the management of ARVs and prevention of stock outs in Malawi, a low-income country with...

The introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) as standard of care has changed the natural history of HIV infection into a manageable chronic disease requiring long-term Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment. However, despite of the long-time experience and the vast drug armamentarium available for HIV infection, variability in efficacy and toxicity remains as an important limitation...