Abstract In many cases, pesticides’ side effects on natural enemies have closely related to their exposure route. We assessed long-term lethal and sublethal of thiamethoxam (TMX) the predatory bug, Orius albidipennis (Reuter), fed Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), through three routes. First-instar nymphs were treated with maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), ½ MFRC, ¼ MF...

aphis gossypii glover is one of the most important pests of greenhouse cucumber and pepper in the world and iran. in this research, life table and biology of a. gossypii were investigated on cucumber (cucumis sativus cv. super sultan) and pepper (capsicum annum cv. marqueza) in a growth chamber at 25±1°c and 60±5% rh and a photoperiod of 14 l: 10 d hour.the results showed thatdevelopmental time...