Beekeeping activities, especially queen trading, have shaped the distribution of honey bee (Apis mellifera) subspecies in Europe, and have resulted in extensive introductions of two eastern European C-lineage subspecies (A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica) into the native range of the M-lineage A. m. mellifera subspecies in Western Europe. As a consequence, replacement and gene flow between nati...

Apis mellifera L. is native to Europe, Africa, and Asia (including Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Ural mountains of Russia). It is currently widely distributed across the world due to multiple migrations and introductions (Ruttner, 1988). Apis mellifera includes about two dozen subspecies that are present in different regions of the world. These subspecies have been classified into five main lineag...

Honey bee samples collected between 1995 and 2007 from 12 states were examined for the presence of Nosema infections. Our results showed that Nosema ceranae is a wide-spread infection of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera in the United States. The discovery of N. ceranae in bees collected a decade ago indicates that N. ceranae was transferred from its original host, Apis cerana to A. mellif...

s 23: 1336. 50. MERCER, A R; MENZEL, R (1982) The effects of biogenic amines on conditioned and unconditioned responses to olfactory stimuli in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Journal of Comparative Physiology 145: 363–368. 51. MESSAGE, D; GONÇALVES, LS (1977) Estudio da resitência compartamental à cria pútrida européia em Apis mellifera adansonii (africanizadas). Anais do 4° Congresso Brasileiro ...