Asia contributes more than 90% to the world's aquaculture production. Like other farming systems, aquaculture is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. This paper describes the various factors, providing specific examples, which have contributed to the current disease problems faced by what is now the fastest growing food-producing sector globall...

materials and methods from 2004 to 2005, plants were collected from various ecological niches and the roots were used to isolate v. cholera. standard bacteriological, biochemical and serological tests were used for its typification. results in five out of the nine ecological niches explored, we collected either l. minor or e. crassipens, as these specimens cohabited only in two niches. v. chole...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the type species of pseudomonads, is an opportunistic pathogen that colonizes a wide range of niches. Current genome sequencing projects are producing previously inconceivable detail about the population biology and evolution of P. aeruginosa. Its pan-genome has a larger genetic repertoire than the human genome, which explains the broad metabolic capabilities of P. aerug...

Certificates of Veterinary Inspection (CVI), generally termed "Health Certificates", are pivotal for ensuring that translocated animals are not diseased or do not harbour significant pathogens. While used very successfully with terrestrial animal movement for decades, CVIs for aquatic animals are not well refined, understood or used, despite the availability of several aquatic animal "certifica...

a r t i c l e i n f o The fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated in the extirpation and extinction of amphibian species throughout the world. Recent Bd epizootics (i.e. epidemics in wildlife) have driven hundreds of species to near-extinction. Several species in California have been severely affected by Bd epizootics, but...

Immunology deals with the physiological activity of organisms to defend against pathogen and toxin invasion. Invertebrates residing in aquatic ecosystems often face toxicological threat arises from habitat pollution. The aquatic habitat of invertebrates is in the precarious risk of pollution caused by diverse groups of environmental toxins. Immunotoxins have been considered as a special group o...

Aeromonas salmonicida is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium. It mainly found in aquatic ecosystem. most common pathogen salmonids. Reported infections due to A. humans are very rare. A 5-year-old child admitted with fever since more than week and loose motions. The blood culture showed growth of salmonicida. responded well intravenous antibiotics discharged after 5 days admission. rare but po...

Host-parasite interactions are often embedded within complex host communities and can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors, such as seasonal variations in climate or abiotic conditions in water and soil, which confounds our understanding of the main drivers of many multi-host pathogens. Here, we take advantage of a combination of large environmental data sets on Mycobacterium ulc...

In aquatic bird populations, the ability of avian influenza (AI) viruses to remain infectious in water for extended periods provides a mechanism that allows viral transmission to occur long after shedding birds have left the area. However, this also exposes other aquatic organisms, including freshwater invertebrates, to AI viruses. Previous researchers found that AI viral RNA can be sequestered...

Despite the active and intense treatment of wastewater, pathogenic microorganisms and viruses are frequently introduced into the aquatic environment. For most human pathogens, however, this is a rather hostile place, where starvation, continuous inactivation, and decay generally occur, rather than successful reproduction. Nevertheless, a great diversity of the pathogenic microorganisms can be d...