Given the above formulation of spatial structure in terms of weights matrices, our objective in this section is to develop the basic model of areal-unit dependencies that will be used to capture possible spatial correlations between such units. Unless otherwise stated, we shall implicitly represent the relevant set of areal units, 1 { ,.., } n R R , by their indices, 1,.., i n  . In particular...

Primate visual cortex is hierarchically organized. Bottom-up and top-down influences are exerted through distinct frequency channels, as was recently revealed in macaques by correlating inter-areal influences with laminar anatomical projection patterns. Because this anatomical data cannot be obtained in human subjects, we selected seven homologous macaque and human visual areas, and we correlat...

Areal interpolation has been an active research area, but its wide adoption in the general GIS community is limited due to the lack of implementation tools in commercial software. To bridge this gap, an areal interpolation extension is developed in ArcGIS with 4 popular algorithms, 10 raster and vector implementations, and 4 commonly used error measures. A comparative case study utilizing the e...

Is there spatial pattern? Spatial pattern implies that observations from units closer to each other are more similar than those recorded in units farther away. Do we want to smooth the data? Perhaps to adjust for low population sizes (or sample sizes) in certain units? How much do we want to smooth? Inference for new areal units? Is prediction meaningful here? If we modify the areal units to ne...

(1) Laboratory for Hydrogeology, Department of Geology-Geography, Faculty of Exact Science, Catholic University of Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (2) Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary (3) Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Department of Georesources, Geotechnologies and Building Materials (GEOMAC), University of Liè...

Geostatistical analyses were first developed in the 1950's as a result of interest in areal or block averages for ore reserves in the mining industry. Today, variogram estimation and spatial prediction (kriging) span all sciences where data exhibit spatial correlation. Theoretical properties of the spatial process are addressed under the distribution-free and likelihood-based perspectives. Stre...

Abstract Engineered geological porous media hydrogen storage must be designed to ensure secure storage, and use appropriate monitoring, measurement verification tools. Here, we identify characterize 60 natural seeps as analogues for potential leakage from engineered reservoirs consider implications monitoring. We report compare the environmental setting; seepage mode (dry gas/associated with wa...

Brittle and Ductile Deformational Structures in Tectonic Zones: The Research Trends in India N MANDAL1*, A CHATTOPADHAYAY2, H B SRIVASTAVA3, T K BISWAL4 and S BOSE5 1Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India 2Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India 3Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India 4Department ...

Abstract Hyperspectral remote sensing already is important in geoscientific research the fields of geology, soil, exploration and mining. New hyperspectral satellite systems are operation (e.g. PRISMA DESIS; Caporusso et al. 2020; Alonso (Sensors 19(20):4471–4515, 2019)) more planned e.g. European Copernicus Next Generation Satellite CHIME (Nieke Rast 2018). The German system EnMAP was successf...