Three challenges to the sufficiency of the associative account for explaining the development of mirror mechanisms are discussed: Genetic predispositions interact with associative learning, infants show predispositions to imitate human as opposed to nonhuman actions, and early and later learning involve different mechanisms. Legitimate objections to an extreme nativist account are raised, but t...

The activities and side effects of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors can be predicted by identifying their redox mechanisms. In this study, we developed a fluorescence-based method to measure the redox potential of 5-LO inhibitors and compared it to the conventional, absorbance-based method. After the pseudo-peroxidase reaction, the amount of remaining lipid peroxide was quantified using the H2D...

Associative learning has been meticulously studied in many species, and diverse effects have been explained using a handful of basic assumptions and mechanisms. Human language acquisition proceeds remarkably quickly and is of great interest, but is arguably more difficult to capture under the microscope. Nonetheless, empirical investigations have led researchers to theorize a variety of languag...

    Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors attract a lot of interest as useful methods because of their low cost, accuracy, sensitivity, and simplicity. An electro-active redox molecule comprises the main part of the electrochemical-based sensors. Ferrocene is one of the most popular redox molecule used in biosensor fabrication. But, instability of ferrocenium ion in strong nucleophilic reagents...

This is a review of our work on multiple microelectrode recordings from the visual cortex of monkeys and subdural recordings from humans--related to the potential underlying neural mechanisms. The former hypothesis of object representation by synchronization in visual cortex (or more generally: of flexible associative processing) has been supported by our recent experiments in monkeys. They dem...

The cyclic voltammetry of both bulk manganese sulfate (BMS) and nano manganese sulfate (NMS) were studied using 0.1M KCl supporting electrolyte and glassy carbon working electrode. The redox behavior for both bulk (BMS) and MnSO4 (NMS) sulfate was studied voltammetrically in presence and absence of Doxorubicin (DR) using three electrodes system, silver- silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), pla...

Reduction–oxidation (redox) reactions provide a distinct modality for biological communication that is fundamentally different from the more-familiar ion-based electrical modality. Biology uses these two modalities through systems (immune versus nervous), and mechanisms to control flow of charge carriers: soluble ions controlled using structural barriers (i.e., membranes) gates (e.g., membrane-...

Feeding behavior of Aplysia provides an excellent model system for analyzing and comparing mechanisms underlying appetitive classical conditioning and reward operant conditioning. Behavioral protocols have been developed for both forms of associative learning, both of which increase the occurrence of biting following training. Because the neural circuitry that mediates the behavior is well char...

Recent neuroimaging studies have successfully identified encoding mechanisms that support different forms of subsequent episodic recognition memory. In our everyday lives, however, much of our episodic memory retrieval is accomplished by means of free recall, i.e., retrieval without an external recognition cue. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the enco...