This paper presents a general review related to the problem of three­dimensional objects’ reconstruction from range data images. It descr ibes the problem and reviewed the main areas of concern in each of the intermediate steps that make up the overall process of sur faces reconstruction with the most impor tant works in the area cover ing a wide var iety of techniques and models propos...

The global financial crisis hastened the development of the Shenzhen GEM is a venture capital a key link in the chain, force the development of SME financing difficulty in resolving the issue. In view of the characteristics and specific risks of Growth Enterprise Market (GEM), this paper measures the market risk of 28 listed companies on the GEM by use of VaR techniques, and introduces VaR into...

Starting with a time-0 coherent risk measure defined for “value processes”, we also define risk measurement processes. Two other constructions of measurement processes are given in terms of sets of test probabilities. These latter constructions are identical and are related to the former construction when the sets fulfill a stability condition also met in multiperiod treatment of ambiguity as i...

In the Lee-Carter framework, future survival probabilities are random variables with an intricate distribution function. In large homogeneous portfolios of life annuities, Value-at-Risk or Conditional Tail Expectation of the total yearly payout of the company are approximately equal to the corresponding quantities involving random survival probabilities. This paper aims to derive some bounds in...

Evaluating risk measures, premiums, and capital allocation based on dependent multi-losses is a notoriously difficult task. In this paper, we demonstrate how this can be successfully accomplished when losses follow the multivariate Pareto distribution of the second kind, which is an attractive model for multi-losses whose dependence and tail heaviness are influenced by a heavy-tailed background...

Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here a probabilistic approach to examine the consequences of its presence on the risk loading of the premium of a portfolio of insurance policies. This approach co...

In order to protect stakeholders of insurance companies and financial institutions against adverse outcomes of risky businesses, regulators and senior management use capital allocation techniques. For enterprise-wide risk management, it has become important to calculate the contribution of each risk within a portfolio. For that purpose, bivariate lower and upper orthant tail value-at-risk can b...